Correction techniques for material classification
When x-ray fluorescence (“XRF”) spectroscopy is utilized to classify materials transported on a moving conveyor belt, there is the possibility of the x-ray beam only partially irradiating the material piece, which can result in the capture of an inaccurate XRF spectrum needed to classify the material piece. This can lead to an improper (erroneous) classification and resultant sortation of material pieces (e.g., aluminum alloys). In a material handling system, the area of the intersections between the x-ray beam spots from an x-ray fluorescence system and the material pieces are measured and correspondingly used to correct the measured XRF spectrum associated with each material piece. The material pieces can then be sorted according to the corrected XRF spectrum.
1. A method comprising:
conveying a material piece on a moving conveyor belt past an x-ray fluorescence (“XRF”) system;
irradiating the material piece with an x-ray beam emitted by the XRF system;
measuring an XRF spectrum of the material piece resulting from the irradiation of the material piece with the x-ray beam;
determining an area of intersection between an x-ray beam spot of the irradiated x-ray beam and the material piece;
modifying the measured XRF spectrum of the material piece as a function of the determined area of intersection; and
classifying the material piece as a function of the modified XRF spectrum.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 , further comprising sorting the material piece from a mixture of material pieces conveyed on the moving conveyor belt.
3. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the determining the area of intersection between the irradiated x-ray beam spot of the x-ray beam and the material piece comprises:
determining a first location of the material piece on the moving conveyor belt in relation to a second location of where the x-ray beam spot of the x-ray beam contacts the conveyor belt; and
calculating the area of intersection as a function of the determined first and second locations.
4. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the determining the area of intersection between the irradiated x-ray beam spot of the x-ray beam and the material piece further comprises:
measuring a quantity of a first specific element within the measured XRF spectrum and comparing the quantity to a known quantity of the first specific element contained within the conveyor belt; and
determining the area of intersection from a ratio of the measured quantity to the known quantity.
5. The method as recited in claim 4 , wherein the known quantity of the first specific element contained within the conveyor belt is determined from a measurement of an XRF spectrum of the conveyor belt.
6. The method as recited in claim 4 , wherein the first specific element contained within the conveyor belt is known to not be contained within the material piece.
7. The method as recited in claim 6 , wherein the modifying the measured XRF spectrum of the material piece as a function of the determined area of intersection further comprises dividing a measured quantity of a second specific element within the measured XRF spectrum by 1 minus the ratio of the measured quantity to the known quantity.
8. The method as recited in claim 6 , wherein the modifying the measured XRF spectrum of the material piece as a function of the determined area of intersection further comprises subtracting the measured quantity of the first specific element from the measured XRF spectrum.
9. The method as recited in claim 6 , wherein the modifying the measured XRF spectrum of the material piece as a function of the determined area of intersection further comprises:
subtracting the measured quantity of the first specific element from the measured XRF spectrum; and
dividing a measured quantity of a second specific element within the measured XRF spectrum by 1 minus the ratio of the measured quantity to the known quantity.
10. The method as recited in claim 9 , wherein the second specific element is known to not be contained within the conveyor belt.
11. The method as recited in claim 10 , wherein the material piece is composed of an aluminum alloy, and wherein the second specific element is copper.
12. The method as recited in claim 11 , wherein the first specific element is tin or zinc.
13. The method as recited in claim 11 , wherein the material piece has a shape of a thin strip with a cross-sectional dimension that is less than a diameter of the x-ray beam spot, and wherein the material piece is classified as a 6xx3 aluminum alloy as a function of the modified XRF spectrum.
14. A material handling system comprising:
a conveyor system configured to convey a mixture of material pieces;
an XRF system configured to (i) irradiate the material piece with an x-ray beam emitted by the XRF system and (ii) measure an XRF spectrum of the material piece resulting from the irradiation of the material piece with the x-ray beam;
circuitry configured to determine an area of intersection between an x-ray beam spot of the irradiated x-ray beam and the material piece;
circuitry configured to modify the measured XRF spectrum of the material piece as a function of the determined area of intersection;
circuitry configured to classify the material piece as a function of the modified XRF spectrum; and
circuitry configured to sort the material piece from the mixture of material pieces conveyed on the moving conveyor belt.
15. The material handling system as recited in claim 14 , wherein the area of intersection between the x-ray beam spot of the irradiated x-ray beam and the material piece is determined from a ratio of a measured quantity of a first specific element within the measured XRF spectrum to a quantity of the first specific element that is known to be contained within the conveyor belt, wherein the first specific element is not contained within the material piece.
16. The material handling system as recited in claim 15 , wherein the known quantity of the first specific element contained within the conveyor belt is determined from a separate measurement of an XRF spectrum of the conveyor belt.
17. The material handling system as recited in claim 15 , wherein the circuitry configured to modify the measured XRF spectrum of the material piece as a function of the determined area of intersection further comprises:
circuitry configured to subtract the measured quantity of the first specific element from the measured XRF spectrum; and
circuitry configured to divide a measured quantity of a second specific element within the measured XRF spectrum by 1 minus the ratio of the measured quantity to the known quantity.
18. The material handling system as recited in claim 17 , wherein the material piece is composed of an aluminum alloy, and wherein the second specific element is copper.
19. The material handling system as recited in claim 18 , wherein the first specific element is tin or zinc.
20. The material handling system as recited in claim 18 , wherein the material piece has a shape of a thin strip with a cross-sectional dimension that is less than a diameter of the x-ray beam spot, and wherein the material piece is classified as a 6xx3 aluminum alloy as a function of the modified XRF spectrum.