MIXED POLYHALIDE ELECTROLYTES FOR A STATIC BATTERY AND A METHOD FOR FABRICATING A STATIC BATTERY CELL
Provided is a mixed polyhalide initial electrolyte for a static zinc halide battery. Also provided is a method for fabricating a static battery cell comprising the steps of: providing an initial electrolyte comprising one or more source for chloride ions and one or more source for bromide ions, wherein the one or more source for chloride ions and the one or more source for bromide ions are provided in a predetermined ratio selected to yield a target amount of mixed polyhalide upon charge of the initial electrolyte; and forming an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode and the initial electrolyte.
1 . A method for fabricating a static battery cell comprising the steps of:
providing an initial electrolyte comprising one or more source for chloride ions and one or more source for bromide ions, wherein the one or more source for chloride ions and the one or more source for bromide ions are provided in a predetermined ratio selected to yield a target amount of mixed polyhalide upon at least significant charge of the initial electrolyte; and
forming an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode and the initial electrolyte.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the static battery cell is a static zinc halide electrochemical cell.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the static zinc halide electrochemical cell is in a static zinc halide battery.
4 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the initial electrolyte comprises from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of ZnBr 2 ; from about 5 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of ZnCl 2 ; from about 10 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of H 2 O; and from about 0.05 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of one or more quaternary ammonium agent.
5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the mixed polyhalide produced upon at least significant charge of the initial electrolyte has a general formula [X (2n+1) Y (2m) ] − , where X and Y are different from each other and are independently either Cl or Br, n is an integer between 0 and 5, and m is an integer between 1 and 5.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the mixed polyhalide is BrCl 2 − , ClBr 2 − , or combination thereof.
7 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the one or more source for chloride ions is ZnCl 2 , KCl, NH 4 Cl, LiCl, CuCl 2 , CaCl 2 , FeCl 3 , SbCl 3 , CrCl 3 , NaCl, BiCl 3 , quaternary ammonium salts with chloride anions, or combination thereof.
8 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the one or more source for bromide ions is ZnBr 2 , KBr, NH 4 Br, LiBr, CuBr 2 , CaBr 2 , NaBr, AgBr, AlBr 3 , quaternary ammonium salts with bromide anions, or combination thereof.
9 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the predetermined ratio of the one or more source for chloride ions and the one or more source for bromide ions is a molar ratio of total chloride ions to total bromide ions from about 1:1 to about 13:1.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the predetermined ratio of the one or more source for chloride ions and the one or more source for bromide ions is a molar ratio of total chloride ions to total bromide ions from about 1:1 to about 2:1.
11 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the initial electrolyte further comprises from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of KBr and from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of KCl.
12 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the initial electrolyte further comprises from about 0.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of KCl.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the initial electrolyte comprises about 0 wt. % of KBr.
14 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the one or more quaternary ammonium agent is independently selected from a quaternary ammonium agent having a formula N + (R 1 )(R 2 )(R 3 )(R 4 )X − , wherein R 1 is hydrogen or an alkyl group, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently an alkyl group that is same or different from R 1 , and X − is chloride or bromide.
15 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the one or more quaternary ammonium agent is independently selected from tetramethylammonium chloride, tetraethylammonium chloride, tetrapropylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetramethylammonium bromide, tetraethylammonium bromide, tetrapropylammonium bromide, or tetrabutylammonium bromide.
16 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the initial electrolyte further comprises from about 0.1 wt. % to about 3 wt. % of a glyme, wherein the glyme is monoglyme, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, pentaglyme, hexaglyme, or any combination thereof.
17 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the initial electrolyte further comprises up to 1 wt. % of one or more additives selected from Sn, In, Ga, Al, Tl, Bi, Pb, Sb, Ag, Mn, Fe, Cr, Sc, Cu, Al, Ru, Sr, or any combination thereof.
18 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the initial electrolyte further comprises DME-PEG with a number average molecular weight of about 1000 amu, DME-PEG with a number average molecular weight of about 2000 amu, or a combination thereof.
19 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the initial electrolyte further comprises PEG with a number average molecular weight of about 1000 amu, PEG with a number average molecular weight of about 3500 amu, or a combination thereof.
20 . The method of claim 1 , wherein significant charge of the electrochemical cell is when the electrochemical cell has undergone charging until it has reached an open circuit potential of at least 1.82V and a volumetric charge capacity of at least 54 mAh/mL.