Twisted reinforcement fibers and method of making
A composite material used to form a concrete structure that includes a concrete matrix formed of a mixture of aggregates and a paste and a mixture of twisted steel micro-reinforcements (TSMRs) dispersed within the concrete matrix. The TSMRs have a variable twist pitch; wherein the twist pitch of a portion of the TSMRs is in the range of 6 to 20 twists per 25.4 mm (1 inch) applied along its longitudinal axis. The TSMRs are made from a common base stock and have the number of twists predetermined, such that the concrete structure exhibits at least 10% greater performance in one or more of a stress, deflection, energy, or crack mouth opening (CMOD) properties as determined through one or more defined standard tests than a similar concrete structure formed with the same amount by weight of steel fibers having one or two bends.
1 . A composite material for use in forming a concrete structure, the composite material comprising:
a concrete matrix formed of a mixture of aggregates and a paste; and
a mixture of twisted steel micro-reinforcements (TSMRs) dispersed within the concrete matrix; the TSMRs having a variable twist pitch, wherein the mixture of twisted steel micro-reinforcements comprises a portion of the TSMRs having the twist pitch in the range of 2 to 3 twists per 25.4 mm (1 inch) and a portion of the TSMRs having the twist pitch that is in the range of 6 to 20 twists per 25.4 mm (1 inch) applied along its longitudinal axis.
2 . The composite material according to claim 1 , wherein the TSMRs include wires having a tensile strength of at least 1850 MPa.
3 . The composite material according to claim 1 , wherein the TSMRs include high carbon, cold-drawn, steel wires having a deformed shape.
4 . The composite material according to claim 3 , wherein the steel wires comply with ASTM A 820, Type 1.
5 . The composite material according to claim 3 , wherein the steel wires have a diameter that ranges from 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm.
6 . The composite material according to claim 1 , wherein the TSMRs comprise an aspect ratio of length (L) to diameter (D) that is between about 25 to about 100.
7 . The composite material according to claim 6 , wherein the TSMRs comprise a length (L) that is in the range from about 5 mm to about 100 mm.
8 . The composite material according to claim 7 , wherein at least a portion of the TSMRs have a diameter (D) of about 0.5 mm and a length (L) of about 25 mm or a diameter (D) of about 0.8 mm and a length (L) of about 50 mm.
9 . The composite material according to claim 1 , wherein the aggregates comprise gravel, crushed stone, or a mixture thereof.
10 . The composite material according to claim 1 , wherein the paste comprises water and Portland cement.
11 . The composite material according to claim 1 , wherein the composite material further comprises a shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA) configured to enhance the performance of the concrete structure.
12 . The composite material according to claim 11 , wherein the SRA meet the requirements set forth for ASTM C494 Type S.
13 . A concrete structure formed from the composite material of claim 1 , wherein the number of twists for the TSMRs in the composite material are predetermined, such that the concrete structure exhibits at least 10% greater performance in one or more of a stress, deflection, energy, or crack mouth opening (CMOD) properties as determined through at least two defined standard tests than a similar concrete structure formed with the same amount by weight of steel fibers having one or two bends.
14 . The concrete structure according to claim 13 , wherein the at least two defined standard tests are independently selected as one from the group consisting of:
an un-notched deflection controlled beam test;
an un-notched load controlled beam test;
a splitting tensile test;
a deflection controlled notched beam test;
a test that measures average residual stress;
a panel test;
a direct tensioning test; and
a compression test.
15 . A method of forming a composite material for use in forming a concrete structure, the method comprising:
forming a paste by mixing water and Portland cement;
mixing aggregates with the paste to form a concrete matrix;
providing a mixture of twisted steel micro-reinforcements (TSMRs) having a variable twist pitch, wherein the twist pitch for each of the TSMRs is in the range of 2 to 20 twists per 25.4 mm (1 inch) applied along its longitudinal axis with the twist pitch of a portion of the TSMRs being in the range of 2 to 3 twists per 25.4 mm (1 inch) and the twist pitch of a portion of the TSMRs being in the range of 6 to 20 twists per 25.4 mm (1 inch) applied along its longitudinal axis; and
dispersing the mixture of TSMRs into the concrete matrix to form the composite material.
16 . The method according to claim 15 , wherein the mixture of TSMRs are provided in a continuous process that comprises at least one of variable speed motor drives that increase or decrease the speed of the process or a twisting apparatus that changes the twist pitch applied along longitudinal axis of the TSMRs.
17 . The method according to claim 16 , wherein the twist pitch of the TSMRs is increased or decreased without the need for a tooling change, but rather by changing at least one accessible gear or pulley located on a machine positioned within the process.
18 . The method according to claim 15 , wherein the method further comprises adding a shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA) to the concrete matrix, the SRA being configured to enhance the performance of the concrete structure.
19 . The method according to claim 18 , wherein the SRA meet the requirements set forth for ASTM C494 Type S.
20 . The method according to claim 15 , wherein the TSMRs include wires having a tensile strength of at least 1850 MPa.
21 . The method according to claim 15 , wherein the TSMRs include high carbon, cold-drawn, steel wires having a deformed shape.
22 . The method according to claim 21 , wherein the steel wires comply with ASTM A 820, Type 1.
23 . The method according to claim 21 , wherein the steel wires have a diameter that ranges from 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm.
24 . The method according to claim 15 , wherein the TSMRs comprise an aspect ratio of length (L) to diameter (D) that is between about 25 to about 100.
25 . The method according to claim 24 , wherein the TSMRs comprise a length (L) that is in the range from about 5 mm to about 100 mm.