Evaporation apparatus, vapor deposition apparatus, and evaporation method
An evaporation apparatus is described, particularly for evaporating a reactive material such as lithium. The evaporation apparatus includes an evaporation crucible for evaporating a liquid material, a material conduit for supplying the liquid material to the evaporation crucible, and a valve configured to close the material conduit by solidifying a part of the liquid material in the material conduit with a cooling device. The valve may include a cooling gas supply for a cooling gas, and the cooling device may be configured to cool the liquid material with the cooling gas. Further described are a vapor deposition apparatus for coating a substrate as well as an evaporation method.
1. An evaporation apparatus, comprising:
an evaporation crucible for evaporating a liquid material, the liquid material being lithium;
a heatable enclosure having one or more heating elements, the one or more heating elements heating an inner volume of the heatable enclosure to a temperature of 300° C. or more;
a material conduit for supplying the liquid material into the evaporation crucible, the material conduit extending at least partially through the heatable enclosure;
a freeze valve positioned upstream from the evaporation crucible and at least partially in the heatable enclosure, comprising:
a cooling passage extending axially along the material conduit and surrounding a section of the material conduit, the cooling passage in thermal contact with the material conduit;
a fluid supply conduit coupled to the cooling passage at a first end of the cooling passage to provide a cooling gas to the cooling passage to cool the liquid material in the material conduit to a temperature below a melting point temperature of the liquid material such that a part of the liquid material solidifies to form a plug that clogs the material conduit; and
a second fluid conduit coupled to the cooling passage at a second end of the cooling passage, the second end of the cooling passage opposite of and spaced apart from the first end of the cooling passage; and
a noble gas supply for guiding the cooling gas to the cooling passage for cooling the liquid material with the cooling gas.
2. The evaporation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the noble gas supply is an argon supply.
3. The evaporation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the cooling gas supply is configured to guide the cooling gas through the cooling passage with at least one or more of: (i) a gas pressure in a range from 2 bar to 20 bar, (ii) a gas velocity in a range from 15 m/s to 50 m/s, and (iii) a mass flow in a range from 10 slm to 50 slm.
4. The evaporation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein a distance between the cooling passage and the evaporation crucible is 20 cm or less.
5. The evaporation apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising a thermal insulation arrangement that at least partially or entirely encloses the cooling passage for thermally insulating the cooling passage and a section of the material conduit surrounded by the cooling passage from a hot environment inside the heatable enclosure or chamber.
6. The evaporation apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein the thermal insulation arrangement comprises one or more heat shields that coaxially extend around the material conduit.
7. The evaporation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the cooling gas is argon.
8. The evaporation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the cooling passage extends annularly around a section of the material conduit and a main flow direction of the cooling gas in the cooling passage corresponds to a main flow direction of the liquid material in the material conduit.
9. A vapor deposition apparatus for coating a substrate, comprising:
the evaporation apparatus according to claim 1 ;
a vapor distributor with a plurality of nozzles for directing the liquid material that has been evaporated in the evaporation crucible toward the substrate; and
a movable substrate support for moving the substrate past the vapor distributor.
10. An evaporation apparatus, comprising:
an evaporation crucible for evaporating a liquid material, the liquid material being lithium;
a heatable enclosure having one or more heating elements, the one or more heating elements heating an inner volume of the heatable enclosure to a temperature of 300° C. or more;
a material conduit for supplying the liquid material into the evaporation crucible, the material conduit extending at least partially through the heatable enclosure;
a freeze valve positioned upstream from the evaporation crucible and at least partially in the heatable enclosure, comprising:
a cooling passage extending helically or spirally along the material conduit and surrounding a section of the material conduit, the cooling passage in thermal contact with the material conduit;
a fluid supply conduit fluidly coupled to the cooling passage at a first end of the cooling passage to provide a cooling gas to the cooling passage to cool the liquid material in the material conduit to a temperature below a melting point temperature of the liquid material such that a part of the liquid material solidifies to form a plug that clogs the material conduit; and
a second fluid conduit coupled to the cooling passage at a second end of the cooling passage, the second end of the cooling passage opposite of and spaced apart from the first end of the cooling passage; and
a noble gas supply for guiding the cooling gas to the cooling passage for cooling the liquid material with the cooling gas.