SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR GUIDING DRILLED HOLE PLACEMENT IN ENDOSCOPIC PROCEDURES

1 . A method for visually indicating a location of a hole to be drilled in tissue comprising, at a computing system:

receiving at least one endoscopic image that captures a surface of the tissue and at least a portion of a drill guide to be used for drilling the hole in the tissue;

identifying in the at least one endoscopic image at least one fiducial marker disposed on the drill guide;

determining a position and orientation of the at least one fiducial marker;

determining a position and orientation of the hole to be drilled in the tissue based at least in part on the position and orientation of the at least one fiducial marker; and

displaying a visualization of the tissue that comprises a graphical indication of the position and orientation of the hole to be drilled in the tissue.

2 . The method of claim 1 , comprising: determining an orientation of the surface of the tissue, wherein the position and orientation of the hole to be drilled in the tissue is determined based on the orientation of the surface of the tissue.

3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the graphical indication comprises a graphical representation of an estimated break-through in the surface of the tissue.

4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein a shape of the estimated break-through in the surface of the tissue is based on the orientation of the hole to be drilled and the orientation of the surface of the tissue.

5 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the graphical representation of the estimated break-through in the surface of the tissue has a diameter that corresponds to a diameter of a drill bit.

6 . The method of claim 5 , comprising receiving a user input corresponding to a selection of a different drill bit diameter and adjusting the diameter of the estimated break-through in the surface of the tissue based on the selection of the different drill bit diameter.

7 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the visualization comprises a textual indication of the diameter of the drill bit.

8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the visualization comprises a graphical representation of a shaft of the hole to be drilled.

9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface of the tissue in the at least one endoscopic image is opposite a surface of the tissue where a drill bit will start drilling the hole to be drilled.

10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the visualization comprises an indication of a distance from the hole to be drilled to a landmark of the tissue.

11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the landmark of the tissue is at a user-selected location of the tissue.

12 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the landmark of the tissue is automatically identified in the at least one endoscopic image.

13 . The method of claim 10 , comprising receiving a user input selecting a different drill bit diameter and adjusting the indication of the distance from the hole to be drilled to the landmark of the tissue based on the different drill bit diameter.

14 . The method of claim 2 , wherein determining the orientation of the surface of the tissue comprises:

generating a depth map that comprises depths at different locations of the surface of the tissue relative to a camera reference frame; and

determining normal vectors of the surface of the tissue based on the depth map.

15 . The method of claim 2 , wherein determining the orientation of the surface of the tissue comprises:

determining relative motions of matched key points based on the at least one endoscopic image and a previously captured endoscopic image;

determining three-dimensional positions of key points within the at least one endoscope image based on the relative motions of matched key points; and

determining the orientation of the surface of the tissue based on the three-dimensional positions of key points associated with the surface of the tissue.

16 . A system comprising one or more processors, memory, and at least one program stored in the memory for execution by the one or more processors and comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the system to:

receive at least one endoscopic image that captures a surface of the tissue and at least a portion of a drill guide to be used for drilling the hole in the tissue;

identify in the at least one endoscopic image at least one fiducial marker disposed on the drill guide;

determine a position and orientation of the at least one fiducial marker;

determine a position and orientation of the hole to be drilled in the tissue based on the position and orientation of the at least one fiducial marker; and

display a visualization of the tissue that comprises a graphical indication of the position and orientation of the hole to be drilled in the tissue.

17 . A method for visually indicating a location of a hole to be drilled in tissue comprising, at a computing system:

receiving at least one endoscopic image that captures a surface of the tissue and at least a portion of a tool;

identifying in the at least one endoscopic image and at least one fiducial marker disposed on the tool;

determining one or more characteristics of the at least one fiducial marker;

determining position information for the surface of the tissue based on the one or more characteristics of the at least one fiducial marker;

determining a position of at least one landmark of the tissue based on the position information for the surface of the tissue;

determining a position and orientation of the hole to be drilled in the tissue based on the position of the at least one landmark and a pre-operative plan; and

displaying a visualization of the tissue that comprises a graphical indication of the position and orientation of the hole to be drilled in the tissue.

18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein determining position information for the surface of the tissue comprises generating a depth map that comprises depths at different locations of the surface of the tissue relative to a camera reference frame and calibrating the depth map using the one or more characteristics of the at least one fiducial marker.

19 . The method of claim 17 , wherein determining the position of the at least one landmark comprises automatically identifying the at least one landmark.

20 . The method of claim 17 , comprising, prior to determining the position of the at least one landmark, receiving a user input selecting the at least one landmark.