HIGH-CARBON BIOGENIC REAGENTS AND USES THEREOF
This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.
1 . A process for producing steel, the process comprising:
firing, using a blast furnace, a taconite pellet, wherein the taconite pellet comprises magnetite and a taconite pellet addition composition, thereby oxidizing the magnetite to hematite;
wherein the taconite pellet addition composition comprises, on a dry basis:
at least about 55 wt % total carbon;
at most about 5 wt % hydrogen;
at most about 1 wt % nitrogen;
at most about 0.5 wt % phosphorus;
at most about 0.2 wt % sulfur; and
an additive, wherein the additive is selected from an acid or a salt thereof, or a base or a salt thereof.
2 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the taconite pellet addition composition comprises a binder.
3 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the taconite pellet addition composition comprises taconite ore powder.
4 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the taconite pellet addition composition comprises at least about 70 wt % total carbon on a dry basis.
5 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the taconite pellet addition composition comprises at least about 95 wt % total carbon on a dry basis.
6 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the taconite pellet addition composition is substantially free of fossil fuel.
7 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the total carbon consists essentially of biogenic carbon.
8 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the additive is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, sodium silicate, potassium permanganate, or a combination thereof.
9 . A process for producing steel, the process comprising:
firing, using a blast furnace, a taconite pellet, wherein the taconite pellet comprises magnetite and a taconite pellet addition composition, thereby oxidizing the magnetite to hematite;
wherein the taconite pellet addition composition comprises, on a dry basis:
at least about 55 wt % total carbon;
at most about 5 wt % hydrogen;
at most about 1 wt % nitrogen;
at most about 0.5 wt % phosphorus;
at most about 0.2 wt % sulfur; and
an additive, wherein the additive is selected from a metal, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal halide, or a combination thereof.
10 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the taconite pellet addition composition comprises a binder.
11 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the additive is taconite ore powder.
12 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the taconite pellet addition composition comprises taconite ore powder.
13 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the additive is selected from magnesium, manganese, aluminum, nickel, chromium, silicon, boron, cerium, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, vanadium, iron halide, iron chloride, iron bromide, magnesium oxide, dolomite, dolomitic lime, fluorite, fluorospar, bentonite, calcium oxide, lime, or a combination thereof.
14 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the taconite pellet addition composition comprises at least about 70 wt % total carbon on a dry basis.
15 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the taconite pellet addition composition comprises at least about 95 wt % total carbon on a dry basis.
16 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the taconite pellet addition composition is substantially free of fossil fuel.
17 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the total carbon consists essentially of biogenic carbon.