Battery Balancing

1 . A battery balancing method for balancing voltages of battery packs on a bus bar of a utility vehicle, the battery balancing method comprising:

determining, by a control system including at least one electronic controller, a state of charge for a first battery pack and a state of charge for a second battery pack of the utility vehicle;

initiating converter battery balancing, by the control system, to discharge the first battery pack to the second battery pack through a DC-to-DC converter in response to determining that the state of charge of the first battery pack is more than a first threshold amount above the state of charge of the second battery pack; and

initiating direct battery balancing, by the control system, to discharge the first battery pack to the second battery pack in response to determining that the state of charge of the first battery pack is less than the first threshold amount above the state of charge of the second battery pack.

2 . The battery balancing method of claim 1 , wherein:

initiating the direct battery balancing includes enabling, with the control system, a bypass positioned between the first and second battery packs to connect the first and second battery packs, and disabling the DC-to-DC converter, and

initiating the converter battery balancing includes disabling the bypass.

3 . The battery balancing method of claim 1 , further comprising determining whether safety constraints of the utility vehicle are satisfied as a precondition to initiating the converter battery balancing or the direct battery balancing.

4 . The battery balancing method of claim 1 , further comprising:

determining, by the control system, a state of charge of a third battery pack of the utility vehicle; and

initiating converter battery balancing, by the control system, to discharge the first battery pack to each of the second and third battery packs through the DC-to-DC converter in response to determining that the state of charge of the first battery pack is within a second threshold amount of the state of charge of the second battery pack.

5 . The battery balancing method of claim 1 , further comprising:

providing, by the control system to a user display of the utility vehicle, a communication that is indicative of the performance of battery balancing; and

displaying, in response to the communication, a message on the user display of the utility vehicle that the battery balancing is being performed.

6 . The battery balancing method of claim 5 , further comprising:

displaying, in response to a second communication provided by the control system, the state of charge of the first and second battery packs on the user display of the utility vehicle.

7 . The battery balancing method of claim 5 , further comprising:

determining, by the control system, characteristics indicative of the battery balancing; and

displaying, in response to the communication, a message including the characteristics of the battery balancing.

8 . The battery balancing method of claim 7 , wherein the characteristics indicative of the battery balancing includes at least one selected from the group of:

an amount of time remaining in the battery balancing; and

a type of battery balancing that is being performed.

9 . (canceled)

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13 . (canceled)

14 . A battery balancing method for balancing voltages of battery packs on a bus bar of a utility vehicle, the battery balancing method comprising:

determining, by a control system including at least one electronic controller, a state of charge for each battery pack of three or more battery packs of the utility vehicle;

determining, by the control system, a first battery pack having a highest state of charge of the three or more battery packs and a second battery pack having a second highest state of charge of the three or more battery packs;

initiating converter battery balancing, by the control system, to discharge the first battery pack to each other battery pack of the three or more battery packs through a DC-to-DC converter in response to at least one selected from the group of:

determining that the state of charge of the first battery pack is more than a first threshold amount above the state of charge of the second battery pack, and

determining that the state of charge of the first battery pack is within a second threshold amount of the state of charge of the second battery pack; and

initiating direct battery balancing, by the control system, to discharge the first battery pack to the second battery pack in response to determining that the state of charge of the first battery pack is between the first threshold amount and the second threshold amount above the state of charge of the second battery pack.

15 . The battery balancing method of claim 14 , wherein:

initiating the direct battery balancing includes enabling, with the control system, a bypass positioned between the first and second battery packs to connect the first and second battery packs, and disabling the DC-to-DC converter, and

initiating the converter battery balancing includes disabling the bypass.

16 . The battery balancing method of claim 14 , further comprising:

determining whether safety constraints of the utility vehicle are satisfied as a precondition to initiating the converter battery balancing or the direct battery balancing.

17 . A utility vehicle comprising:

a frame;

a drive wheel supporting the frame above a ground surface;

a drive motor mounted to the frame and driving rotation of the drive wheel to move the utility vehicle over the ground surface;

an operator platform supported by the frame, and operable to support the weight of a user during operation of the utility vehicle;

a utility device coupled to the frame;

two or more battery packs electrically connected to a bus bar and supported by the frame; and

a control system including at least one electronic controller, the control system in communication with the drive motor, the utility device, and the two or more battery packs, the control system configured to:

determine a state of charge for a first battery pack and a state of charge for a second battery pack of the utility vehicle;

initiate converter battery balancing to discharge the first battery pack to the second battery pack through a DC-to-DC converter in response to determining that the state of charge of the first battery pack is more than a first threshold amount above the state of charge of the second battery pack; and

initiate direct battery balancing to discharge the first battery pack to the second battery pack in response to determining that the state of charge of the first battery pack is less than the first threshold amount above the state of charge of the second battery pack.

18 . The utility vehicle of claim 17 , wherein the control system is further configured to:

initiate the direct battery balancing by enabling a bypass positioned between the first and second battery packs to connect the first and second battery packs, and disabling the DC-to-DC converter; and

initiate the converter battery balancing by disabling the bypass.

19 . The utility vehicle of claim 17 , wherein the control system is further configured to determine whether safety constraints of the utility vehicle are satisfied as a precondition to initiating the converter battery balancing or the direct battery balancing.

20 . The utility vehicle of claim 17 , wherein the control system is further configured to:

determine a state of charge of a third battery pack of the utility vehicle; and

initiate converter battery balancing to discharge the first battery pack to each of the second and third battery packs through the DC-to-DC converter in response to determining that the state of charge of the first battery pack is within a second threshold amount of a state of charge of the second battery pack.

21 . The utility vehicle of claim 17 , wherein:

the utility vehicle is an electric lawn mower, and

the utility device is a cutting deck.

22 . (canceled)

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27 . A utility vehicle comprising:

a frame;

a drive wheel supporting the frame above a ground surface;

a drive motor mounted to the frame and driving rotation of the drive wheel to move the utility vehicle over the ground surface;

an operator platform supported by the frame, and operable to support the weight of a user during operation of the lawn mower;

a utility device coupled to the frame;

three or more battery packs electrically connected to a bus bar and supported by the frame; and

a control system including at least one electronic controller, the control system in communication with the drive motor, the utility device, and the three or more battery packs, the control system configured to:

determine a state of charge for each battery pack of three or more battery packs of the utility vehicle;

determine a first battery pack having a highest state of charge of the three or more battery packs and a second battery pack having a second highest state of charge of the three or more battery packs,

initiate converter battery balancing to discharge the first battery pack to each other battery pack of the three or more battery packs through a DC-to-DC converter in response to at least one selected from the group of:

determining that the state of charge of the first battery pack is more than a first threshold amount above the state of charge of the second battery pack, and

determining that the state of charge of the first battery pack is within a second threshold amount of the state of charge of the second battery pack; and

initiate direct battery balancing, by the control system, to discharge the first battery pack to the second battery pack in response to determining that the state of charge of the first battery pack is between the first threshold amount and the second threshold amount above the state of charge of the second battery pack.

28 . The utility vehicle of claim 27 , wherein the control system is further configured to:

initiate the direct battery balancing by enabling a bypass positioned between the first and second battery packs to connect the first and second battery packs, and disabling the DC-to-DC converter; and

initiate the converter battery balancing by disabling the bypass.

29 . The utility vehicle of claim 27 , wherein the control system is further configured determine whether safety constraints of the utility vehicle are satisfied as a precondition to initiating the converter battery balancing or the direct battery balancing.