PULSE GENERATION AND STIMULATION ENGINE SYSTEMS

1 . A neuromodulation device configured to operate in a plurality of waveform generation modes, comprising:

a power source;

a control unit in communication with the power source;

a bipolar current generator in communication with the control unit and an input of a switching unit;

a plurality of electrodes, each in communication with a unique output of the switching unit, wherein the switching unit is configured to provide electrical communication between the bipolar current generator and a selected one of the plurality of electrodes in response to a control signal from the control unit;

wherein the current generator is configured to deliver alternating current to the at least one working electrode during a first waveform generation mode, and wherein the current generator is further configured to deliver a direct current to the working electrode during a second waveform generation mode; and

an indifferent electrode configured to provide a return path for the alternating current, the direct current, or both;

wherein the control unit is configured to detect at least one failure event and prevent, alter, or stop operation of the bipolar current generator in response to the detected at least one failure event.

2 . The neuromodulation device of claim 1 , wherein the failure event comprises an actual stimulating current being unequal to a desired stimulating current, wherein the actual stimulating current is the alternating current or the direct current.

3 . The neuromodulation device of claim 1 , wherein the failure event comprises a monitored current signal from a power supply to the switching unit exceeding an expected current amount.

4 . The neuromodulation device of claim 1 , wherein the failure event comprises a real time determination that at least one of a resistance or capacitance of the at least one working electrode is not equal to an expected resistance or expected capacitance of the at least one working electrode.

5 . The neuromodulation device of claim 1 , wherein the failure event comprises a real time determination that a peak-to-peak voltage of the at least one working electrode is above an expected voltage of the at least one working electrode.

6 . The neuromodulation device of claim 1 , wherein the failure event comprises a blocking capacitor is not properly functioning.

7 . The neuromodulation device of claim 1 , wherein the direct current comprises an anodic current and a cathodic current, and wherein the failure event comprises the anodic current not being (1) equal to and (2) opposite in sign to the cathodic current.

8 . The neuromodulation device of claim 1 , wherein the direct current comprises an anodic current and a cathodic current, and wherein the failure event comprises the anodic current not being (1) less than a threshold amount different from and (2) opposite in sign to the cathodic current.

9 . The neuromodulation device of claim 1 , wherein the failure event is any of the failure events described herein.

10 . A neuromodulation method, comprising:

providing:

a power source;

a control unit in communication with the power source;

a bipolar current generator in communication with the control unit and an input of a switching unit; and

a plurality of electrodes, each in communication with a unique output of the switching unit, wherein the switching unit is configured to provide electrical communication between the bipolar current generator and a selected one of the plurality of electrodes in response to a control signal from the control unit;

delivering alternating current to the at least one working electrode during a first waveform generation mode; and

delivering a direct current to the working electrode during a second waveform generation mode;

detecting at least one failure event; and

preventing, altering, or stopping operation of the bipolar current generator in response to detecting at least one failure event.

11 . A neuromodulation device configured to operate in a plurality of waveform generation modes, comprising:

a power source;

a control unit in communication with the power source;

a bipolar current generator in communication with the control unit and an input of a switching unit;

a plurality of electrodes, each in communication with a unique output of the switching unit, wherein the switching unit is configured to provide electrical communication between the bipolar current generator and a selected one of the plurality of electrodes in response to a control signal from the control unit;

wherein the current generator is configured to deliver alternating current to the at least one working electrode during a first waveform generation mode, and wherein the current generator is further configured to deliver a direct current to the working electrode during a second waveform generation mode; and

an indifferent electrode configured to provide a return path for the alternating current, the direct current, or both;

wherein the control unit is configured to monitor a current flowing to a power supply of the switching unit and to deactivate the bipolar current generator when the monitored current violates a threshold condition.

12 . The neuromodulation device of claim 11 , wherein violating a threshold condition corresponds to the monitored current exceeding a threshold level.

13 . The neuromodulation device of claim 11 , wherein violating a threshold condition corresponds to the monitored current falling below a threshold level.

14 . The neuromodulation device of claim 11 , wherein the switching unit comprises a multiplexer.

15 . The neuromodulation device of claim 11 , further comprising a back-biasing diode in communication with at least one output of the switching unit, wherein the back-biasing diode is configured to prevent back-biasing of the switching unit at least one output.

16 . A neuromodulation method, comprising:

providing:

a power source;

a control unit in communication with the power source;

a bipolar current generator in communication with the control unit and an input of a switching unit; and

a plurality of electrodes, each in communication with a unique output of the switching unit, wherein the switching unit is configured to provide electrical communication between the bipolar current generator and a selected one of the plurality of electrodes in response to a control signal from the control unit;

delivering alternating current to the at least one working electrode during a first waveform generation mode;

delivering a direct current to the working electrode during a second waveform generation mode;

monitoring a current flowing to a power supply of the switching unit; and

deactivating the bipolar current generator when the monitored current violates a threshold condition.

17 . A neuromodulation device configured to operate in a plurality of waveform generation modes, comprising:

a power source;

a control unit in communication with the power source;

a bipolar current generator in communication with the control unit and an input of a switching unit;

a plurality of electrodes, each in communication with a unique output of the switching unit, wherein the switching unit is configured to provide electrical communication between the bipolar current generator and a selected one of the plurality of electrodes in response to a control signal from the control unit;

wherein the current generator is configured to deliver alternating current to the at least one working electrode during a first waveform generation mode, and wherein the current generator is further configured to deliver a direct current to the working electrode during a second waveform generation mode;

an indifferent electrode configured to provide a return path for the alternating current, the direct current, or both; and

a bipolar current generator calibration unit comprising a calibration load and a calibration load switch, wherein the control unit is configured to activate the calibration load switch to direct current from the bipolar current generator to the calibration load, measure the current directed to the calibration load, and calibrate the bipolar current generator in response to the measured current.

18 . The neuromodulation device of claim 17 , wherein the calibration load comprises a resistor.

19 . The neuromodulation device of claim 17 , further comprising a current sensor configured to measure the current directed to the calibration load.

20 . The neuromodulation device of claim 17 , wherein calibrating the bipolar current generator comprises adjusting the value of a control signal communicated to bipolar current generator.

21 . A neuromodulation method, comprising:

providing:

a power source;

a control unit in communication with the power source;

a bipolar current generator in communication with the control unit and an input of a switching unit; and

a plurality of electrodes, each in communication with a unique output of the switching unit, wherein the switching unit is configured to provide electrical communication between the bipolar current generator and a selected one of the plurality of electrodes in response to a control signal from the control unit;

delivering alternating current to the at least one working electrode during a first waveform generation mode;

delivering a direct current to the working electrode during a second waveform generation mode;

providing a bipolar current generator calibration unit comprising a calibration load and a calibration load switch;

activating the calibration load switch to direct current from the bipolar current generator to the calibration load;

measuring the current directed to the calibration load; and

calibrating the bipolar current generator in response to the measured current.

22 . A neuromodulation device configured to operate in a plurality of waveform generation modes, comprising:

a power source;

a control unit in communication with the power source, wherein the control unit comprises a power controller and a trimming controller;

a bipolar current generator in communication with the control unit and an input of a switching unit;

a plurality of electrodes, each in communication with a unique output of the switching unit, wherein the switching unit is configured to provide electrical communication between the bipolar current generator and a selected one of the plurality of electrodes in response to a control signal from the control unit;

wherein the current generator is configured to deliver alternating current to the at least one working electrode during a first waveform generation mode, and wherein the current generator is further configured to deliver a direct current to the working electrode during a second waveform generation mode; and

an indifferent electrode configured to provide a return path for the alternating current, the direct current, or both;

wherein the power controller is configured to provide a power control signal corresponding to a desired current output level to the bipolar current generator, wherein the trimming controller is configured to provide an adjustment signal to the bipolar current generator, and wherein the current generator is further configured to deliver the alternating current in the first waveform generation mode or the direct current in the second waveform generation mode in response to the power control signal and the adjustment signal.

23 . The neuromodulation device of claim 22 , wherein the bipolar current generator comprises at least one amplifier comprising first and second terminals, and wherein the first terminal is in electrical communication with the power controller and wherein the second terminal is in electrical communication with the trimming controller.

24 . A neuromodulation method, comprising:

providing:

a power source;

a control unit in communication with the power source, wherein the control unit comprises a power controller and a trimming controller;

a bipolar current generator in communication with the control unit and an input of a switching unit; and

a plurality of electrodes, each in communication with a unique output of the switching unit, wherein the switching unit is configured to provide electrical communication between the bipolar current generator and a selected one of the plurality of electrodes in response to a control signal from the control unit;

delivering alternating current to the at least one working electrode during a first waveform generation mode;

delivering a direct current to the working electrode during a second waveform generation mode; and

determining a power control signal corresponding to a desired current output level to the bipolar current generator;

determining an adjustment signal to the bipolar current generator;

delivering the alternating current in the first waveform generation mode or the direct current in the second waveform generation mode in response to the power control signal and the adjustment signal.

25 . A neuromodulation device configured to operate in a plurality of waveform generation modes, comprising:

a power source;

a control unit in communication with the power source;

a bipolar current generator in communication with the control unit and an input of a switching unit;

a plurality of electrodes, each in communication with a unique output of the switching unit, wherein the switching unit is configured to provide electrical communication between the bipolar current generator and a selected one of the plurality of electrodes in response to a control signal from the control unit;

wherein the current generator is configured to deliver alternating current to the at least one working electrode during a first waveform generation mode, and wherein the current generator is further configured to deliver a direct current to the working electrode during a second waveform generation mode;

an indifferent electrode configured to provide a return path for the alternating current, the direct current, or both; and

a protection mechanism configured to prevent electrical damage to the neuromodulation device from energy from an external source.

26 . The neuromodulation device of claim 25 , wherein the protection mechanism does not include capacitors

27 . The neuromodulation device of claim 25 , wherein the external source is an electrocautery device or a defibrillator.

28 . The neuromodulation device of claim 25 , wherein the protection mechanism comprises at least one positive temperature coefficient (PTC) device and a Zener diode.

29 . The neuromodulation device of claim 28 , wherein the Zener diode is electrically in series with at least one PTC device.

30 . A neuromodulation method, comprising:

providing:

a power source;

a control unit in communication with the power source;

a bipolar current generator in communication with the control unit and an input of a switching unit;

a plurality of electrodes, each in communication with a unique output of the switching unit, wherein the switching unit is configured to provide electrical communication between the bipolar current generator and a selected one of the plurality of electrodes in response to a control signal from the control unit;

delivering alternating current to the at least one working electrode during a first waveform generation mode;

delivering a direct current to the working electrode during a second waveform generation mode; and

preventing electrical damage to one or more of the power source, the control unit, the bipolar current generator, or one or more of the plurality of electrodes from energy from an external source.

31 . A neuromodulation device configured to operate in a plurality of waveform generation modes, comprising:

a power source;

a control unit in communication with the power source;

a bipolar current generator in communication with the control unit and an input of a switching unit;

a plurality of electrodes, each in communication with a unique output of the switching unit, wherein the switching unit is configured to provide electrical communication between the bipolar current generator and a selected one of the plurality of electrodes in response to a control signal from the control unit;

wherein the current generator is configured to deliver alternating current to the at least one working electrode during a first waveform generation mode, and wherein the current generator is further configured to deliver a direct current to the working electrode during a second waveform generation mode; and

an indifferent electrode configured to provide a return path for the alternating current, the direct current, or both;

wherein the control unit is configured to determine at least one parameter of an electrode in real time and modify operation of the current generator in response to detecting a change in the at least one parameter of the electrode that is greater than a threshold amount.

32 . The neuromodulation device of claim 31 , wherein parameter of the electrode is a series access resistance (Ra) or a double layer capacitance (Cdl).

33 . The neuromodulation device of claim 32 , wherein the control unit is configured to determine the at least one parameter of the electrode in real time by using a test rectangular biphasic current pulse and a potential measured between a working and indifferent electrode.

34 . The neuromodulation device of claim 31 , wherein the parameter of the electrode is a series access resistance (Ra) or a cyclic peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp).

35 . The neuromodulation device of claim 34 , wherein the control unit is configured to determine the at least one parameter of the electrode in real time by using a set of points sampled from a potential measured between a working and indifferent electrode and an instantaneous stimulus current.

36 . The neuromodulation device of claim 31 , wherein the control unit is configured to use the at least one parameter of the electrode to control the device according to any of the methods or examples provided herein.

37 . A neuromodulation method, comprising:

providing:

a power source;

a control unit in communication with the power source;

a bipolar current generator in communication with the control unit and an input of a switching unit;

a plurality of electrodes, each in communication with a unique output of the switching unit, wherein the switching unit is configured to provide electrical communication between the bipolar current generator and a selected one of the plurality of electrodes in response to a control signal from the control unit;

delivering alternating current to the at least one working electrode during a first waveform generation mode;

delivering a direct current to the working electrode during a second waveform generation mode;

determining at least one parameter of an electrode in real time; and

modifying operation of the current generator in response to detecting a change in the at least one parameter of the electrode that is greater than a threshold amount.

38 . The neuromodulation device of any of the preceding claims , wherein the direct current comprises ultra low frequency current.

39 . The neuromodulation device or method of any of the preceding claims , wherein the ultra low frequency currents are less than about 5 Hz.

40 . The neuromodulation device or method of any of the preceding claims , wherein the ultra low frequency currents are less than about 2 Hz.

41 . The neuromodulation device or method of any of the preceding claims , wherein the ultra low frequency currents are less than about 1 Hz.

42 . The neuromodulation device or method of any of the preceding claims , wherein the alternating current is high frequency alternating current.

43 . The neuromodulation device or method of any of the preceding claims , wherein the high frequency alternating current is at least about 1 kHz.

44 . The neuromodulation device or method of any of the preceding claims , wherein the alternating current is between about 5 Hz and about 1 kHz.

45 . The neuromodulation device or method of any of the preceding claims , wherein the power source comprises a battery.

46 . The neuromodulation device or method of any of the preceding claims , wherein the control unit comprises a first control unit and a second control unit configured to run independent algorithms.

47 . The neuromodulation device or method of any of the preceding claims , wherein the device is configured to measure the offset current when the device is in the second waveform generation mode.

48 . The neuromodulation device or method of any of the preceding claims , wherein the device is configured to measure cyclic Vpp of the at least one working electrode.

49 . The neuromodulation device or method of any of the preceding claims , further comprising a virtual ground configured to be operably connected to the indifferent electrode where the virtual ground can be set to any level to minimize power dissipation.