Systems and methods for mitigating thermal propagation in battery-based energy storage systems
The present disclosure relates to methods and systems to manage thermal runaway issues in energy storage systems. Exemplary embodiments include methods and systems having a compressible thermal barrier. The compressible thermal barrier is tailored in size (e.g., thickness, volume, etc.) to prevent thermal propagation between adjacent cells, modules and/or packs when a portion of an energy source has experienced a thermal event. The methods and systems mitigate thermal propagation such that a cell adjacent to a compromised cell (e.g., actively combusting cell) does not experience thermal runaway as it is shielded from dissipating heat and does not surpass a critical temperature. The present disclosure further relates to a battery module or pack with one or more battery cells and the compressible thermal barrier placed between adjacent cells.
1. A multilayer material for use as a thermal barrier in an electrical energy storage system, the multilayer material comprising:
a core portion comprising an insulation layer, wherein the insulation layer has a thermal conductivity through a thickness dimension of said insulation layer of less than about 50 mW/m-K at 25° C. and less than about 60 mW/m-K at 600° C.; and
an exterior portion disposed outside of the core portion, the exterior portion comprising a thermally conductive layer, wherein the thermally conductive layer has a thermal conductivity along an in-plane dimension of said thermally conductive layer of at least about 200 mW/m-K,
wherein the thermally conductive layer is substantially L-shaped, such that a vertical portion of the L-shaped thermally conductive layer is spaced apart from the insulation layer and wherein a horizontal portion of the L-shaped thermally conductive is in contact with the insulation layer.
2. The multilayer material of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive layer is divided into a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer on opposing sides of the insulation layer, wherein the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer are in contact with the insulation layer.
3. The multilayer material of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive layer comprises at least one-layer comprising metal, carbon, conductive polymer, or combinations thereof.
4. The multilayer material of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive layer comprises a metal comprising aluminum, copper or steel.
5. The multilayer material of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive layer is the outer layer of the multilayer material.
6. The multilayer material of claim 1 , wherein the thermally conductive layer is in a form selected from the group consisting of mesh, sheet, perforated sheet, foil, and perforated foil.
7. The multilayer material of claim 1 , wherein the insulation layer comprises mica, ceramic, inorganic fiber cotton, resin, or inorganic foam.
8. The multilayer material of claim 1 , wherein the insulation layer comprises an aerogel.
9. The multilayer material of claim 8 , wherein the aerogel comprises a reinforcement material.
10. The multilayer material of claim 9 , wherein the reinforcement material comprises fibers selected from organic polymer-based fibers, inorganic fibers, carbon-based fibers or a combination thereof.
11. The multilayer material of claim 10 , wherein the fibers are in the form of discrete fibers, woven materials, dry laid non-woven materials, wet laid non-woven materials, needled nonwovens, battings, webs, mats, felts, or combinations thereof.
12. The multilayer material of claim 10 , wherein the inorganic fibers are selected from glass fibers, rock fibers, metal fibers, boron fibers, ceramic fibers, basalt fibers, or combination thereof.
13. The multilayer material of claim 8 , wherein the aerogel comprises a silica-based aerogel.
14. The multilayer material of claim 8 , wherein the aerogel comprises one or more additives, the one or more additives being present at a level of at least about 5 to 20 percent by weight of the aerogel.
15. The multilayer material of claim 14 , wherein the one or more additives are present at a level of at least about 10 to 20 percent by weight of the aerogel.
16. The multilayer material of claim 14 , wherein the one or more additives comprise fire-class additives.
17. The multilayer material of claim 14 , wherein the one or more additives comprise opacifiers selected from B 4 C, Diatomite, Manganese ferrite, MnO, NiO, SnO, Ag 2 O, Bi 2 O 3 , TiC, WC, carbon black, titanium oxide, iron titanium oxide, zirconium silicate, zirconium oxide, iron (I) oxide, iron (III) oxide, manganese dioxide, iron titanium oxide (ilmenite), chromium oxide, or mixtures thereof.
18. The multilayer material of claim 14 , wherein the one or more additives comprise opacifiers comprising silicon carbide.
19. The multilayer material of claim 14 , wherein the one or more additives comprise a combination of fire-class additives and opacifers.
20. The multilayer material of claim 8 , wherein the aerogel has a density in the range of about 0.25 g/cc to about 1.0 g/cc.
21. The multilayer material of claim 8 , wherein the aerogel has a flexural modulus of about 2 MPa to about 8 MPa.
22. The multilayer material of claim 8 , wherein the aerogel exhibits a compressive resistance, wherein the compressive resistance at 25% strain is between about 40 kPa to about 180 kPa.
23. The multilayer material of claim 1 , further comprising a thermal capacitive layer disposed between a portion of the thermally conductive layer and the insulation layer, wherein the thermal capacitive layer has a specific heat capacity of at least about 0.2 J/(g-C).
24. The multilayer material of claim 23 , wherein the thermal capacitive layer comprises a phase change material.
25. The multilayer material of claim 23 , wherein the thermal capacitive layer comprises a metal comprising aluminum, titanium, nickel, steel, or iron.
26. The multilayer material of claim 1 , further comprising a sacrificial material layer disposed between a portion of the thermally conductive layer and the insulation layer.
27. The multilayer material of claim 26 , wherein the sacrificial material layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of siloxanes, polyolefins, polyurethanes, phenolics, melamine, cellulose acetate, and polystyrene.
28. The multilayer material of claim 26 , wherein the sacrificial material layer is in the form of foam.
29. The multilayer material of claim 26 , wherein the onset temperature of chemical decomposition of the sacrificial material layer is in the range of about 200° C. to about 400° C.
30. The multilayer material of claim 1 , further comprising an encapsulation layer positioned between the thermally conductive layer and the insulation layer.
31. The multilayer material of claim 30 , wherein the encapsulating material layer comprises one or more polymer layers.
32. The multilayer material of claim 1 , wherein the multilayer material has an average thickness of between about 2 mm and about 10 mm in an uncompressed state.
33. The multilayer material of claim 1 , wherein one or more of an encapsulation material layer, a sacrificial material layer, and a thermal capacitive layer are disposed between the vertical portion of the L-shaped thermally conductive layer and the insulation layer.