Apparatus and method for injecting a pilot fuel into an internal combustion engine
An apparatus and method for injection of a pilot fuel into an internal combustion engine includes a variety of steady state, transient and other techniques to reduce an injection quantity of the pilot fuel and/or a carbon content of the pilot fuel.
1. A method of operating a gaseous fuelled direct injection diesel cycle internal combustion engine, comprising
introducing a quantity of gaseous fuel directly into a combustion chamber-of said engine, wherein said gaseous fuel comprises at least 60% hydrogen by volume at standard temperature and pressure,
introducing a quantity of pilot fuel directly into said combustion chamber of said engine, such that the quantity of pilot fuel has a pilot energy ratio of less than 1% and greater than 0.26% of a total fuel introduced for at least one engine operating condition; and
igniting said pilot fuel whereby combustion of said pilot fuel triggers the ignition of said gaseous fuel; and said engine maintains good ignition stability of the gaseous fuel for the at least one engine operating condition;
wherein over an entire engine operating map said pilot fuel is on average between 0.26% and 3% of the fuel that is consumed by said engine on an energy basis.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gaseous fuel is at least 97% on an energy basis of the total fuel introduced for the at least one engine operating condition.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising maintaining a ratio of a pilot fuel rail pressure over an in-cylinder pressure of at least 2.0:1 when introducing said pilot fuel into said combustion chamber for the at least one engine operating condition.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one engine operating condition includes full load and/or peak power.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said gaseous fuel comprises substantially hydrogen by volume at standard temperature and pressure.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising injecting all the fuel during the compression stroke.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising injecting pilot fuel with advanced injection timing by injecting the pilot fuel earlier during the compression stroke when in-cylinder pressure is less than peak in-cylinder pressure.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising injecting pilot fuel directly into said combustion chamber about 1 millisecond before start of injection of said gaseous fuel.
9. A method for injecting a pilot fuel into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, the internal combustion engine burning the pilot fuel and a main gaseous fuel in the combustion chamber, the internal combustion engine including a fuel injector including a pilot injection valve having a pilot needle and a pilot valve-seat, the fuel injector having a plurality of pilot holes for fluidly communicating the pilot fuel from the pilot injection valve into the combustion chamber, the method comprising:
introducing a quantity of main gaseous fuel into a combustion chamber of said engine;
introducing a quantity of pilot fuel, more readily ignitable than the main gaseous fuel, directly into said combustion chamber of said engine;
igniting said pilot fuel whereby combustion of said pilot fuel triggers the ignition of the main gaseous fuel such that said engine maintains good ignition stability of the main gaseous fuel for at least one engine operating condition;
wherein the quantity of pilot fuel is less than 1% and greater than 0.26% of a total fuel quantity, the total fuel quantity being a sum of the quantity of pilot fuel and the quantity of main gaseous fuel injected per engine cycle on an energy basis; and
wherein over an entire engine operating map said pilot fuel is on average between 0.26% and 3% of the fuel that is consumed by said engine on an energy basis.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein over the entire engine operating map the quantity of pilot fuel is on average between 0.26% and 2.09% of the total fuel quantity that is consumed by said engine on an energy basis.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the main gaseous fuel comprises greater than 70% hydrogen by volume at standard temperature and pressure.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the main gaseous fuel comprises greater than 90% hydrogen by volume at standard temperature and pressure.
13. The method of claim 9 , further comprising injecting all the fuel during the compression stroke.
14. The method of claim 9 , further comprising providing each of the plurality of pilot holes of the fuel injector with an inwardly tapering profile.
15. The method of claim 9 , further comprising actuating the pilot needle to a partial lift position between a seated position and a fully open position.
16. The method of claim 9 , further comprising mixing the pilot fuel with an inert fluid; and/or mixing the pilot fuel with ammonia.
17. The method of claim 9 , wherein the fuel injector is a dual fuel injector.
18. The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one engine operating condition includes full load.
19. The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one engine operating condition includes peak power.