ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE
Disclosed herein is an energy storage device that comprises a cathode and an anode, wherein at least one of the anode and cathode includes an active layer comprising a network of high aspect ratio carbon elements defining void spaces within the network; and a plurality of electrode active material particles disposed in the void spaces within the network; and the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements has an intersection density of at least 0.1 per μm 2 .
1 . An energy storage device, comprising:
a cathode; and
an anode,
wherein:
at least one of the anode and cathode includes an active layer comprising:
a network of high aspect ratio carbon elements defining void spaces within the network; and
a plurality of electrode active material particles disposed in the void spaces within the network; and
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements has an intersection density of at least 0.1 per μm 2 .
2 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the intersection density of the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements is at least 0.15 per μm 2 .
3 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the intersection density of the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements is at least 0.15 per μm 2 .
4 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the intersection density of the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements is less than 0.5 per μm 2 .
5 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a set of carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanotubes comprised in the set of carbon nanotubes correspond to electrical pathways.
6 . The energy storage device of claim 5 , wherein at least a subset of the set of carbon nanotubes maintain electrical connectivity during the charge and discharge cycling of the energy storage device.
7 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a set of carbon nanotubes; and
the set of carbon nanotubes has an average ratio of a length of a major dimension of a carbon nanotube to a length of a minor dimension of the corresponding carbon nanotube of at least 1,000.
8 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a set of carbon nanotubes; and
the set of carbon nanotubes has an average ratio of a length of a major dimension of a carbon nanotube to a length of a minor dimension of the corresponding carbon nanotube of at least 1,500.
9 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a set of carbon nanotubes; and
the set of carbon nanotubes has an average ratio of a length of a major dimension of a carbon nanotube to a length of a minor dimension of the corresponding carbon nanotube of at least 2,000.
10 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a set of carbon nanotubes; and
the set of carbon nanotubes has an average ratio of a length of a major dimension of a carbon nanotube to a length of a minor dimension of the corresponding carbon nanotube of at least 10,000.
11 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a set of multi-wall carbon nanotubes.
12 . The energy storage device of claim 11 , wherein the set of multi-wall carbon nanotubes comprise:
an average diameter of between 6 nm and 10 nm;
an average wall thickness of between 6 nm and 7 nm; and
an average length of about 16 micron.
13 . The energy storage device of claim 11 , wherein at least 50% of the plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes have a length greater than 8 micron.
14 . The energy storage device of claim 11 , wherein at least 50% of the plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes have a length greater than 12 micron.
15 . The energy storage device of claim 11 , wherein the nominal length of the multi-wall carbon nanotube is at least 15 micron.
16 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes; and
a distribution of lengths of the plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes is skewed towards a nominal length a multi-wall carbon nanotube.
17 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , further comprising an electrolyte, wherein after wetted with an electrolyte an average thickness of the cathode or anode increases less than 10%.
18 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a first set of carbon nanotubes and a second set of carbon nanotubes; and
the second set of carbon nanotubes has one or more properties different from the first set of carbon nanotubes.
19 . The energy storage device of claim 18 , wherein the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall carbon nanotubes.
20 . The energy storage device of claim 18 , wherein the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single-wall carbon nanotubes.
21 . The energy storage device of claim 18 , wherein:
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single-wall carbon nanotubes; and
a ratio of an amount by weight of the first set of carbon nanotubes to the second set of carbon nanotubes is about 2:1.
22 . The energy storage device of claim 18 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a set of multi-wall carbon nanotubes.
23 . The energy storage device of claim 22 , wherein the active layer comprises between 0.25% and 1.5% of multi-wall carbon nanotubes by weight of the active layer.
24 . The energy storage device of claim 22 , wherein the active layer comprises between 0.2% and 2% of multi-wall carbon nanotubes by weight of the active layer.
25 . The energy storage device of claim 18 , wherein a first average aspect ratio of the first set of carbon nanotubes is larger than a second average aspect ratio of the second set of carbon nanotubes.
26 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and the active layer further comprises:
a polymeric additive, the polymeric additive being at least one of (i) selected from a family of polyamides, or (ii) a modified polyamide or derivative of a polyamide.
27 . The energy storage device of claim 26 , wherein the polymeric additive is: a nylon.
28 . The energy storage device of claim 26 , wherein the polymeric additive is: water soluble.
29 . The energy storage device of claim 26 , wherein the polymeric additive has a molecular weight greater than 1,000,000 g/mol.
30 . The energy storage device of claim 26 , wherein the polymeric additive has a molecular weight between 500,000 g/mol and 2,000,000 g/mol.
31 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and the active layer has an average thickness of 20 microns to 30 microns.
32 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and the active layer has an average thickness of between 20 microns and 200 microns.
33 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and the active material particles comprise Lithium Iron Phosphate.
34 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and the active material particles comprise a Lithium Metal Oxide.
35 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and the active material particles comprise one or more of a Lithium Metal Oxide, Lithium-Sulphur, Lithium-Cobalt-Oxide.
36 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and the active material particles comprise Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-Oxide.
37 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and the active material particles comprise Lithium-Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum-Oxide.
38 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and the active material particles comprise Lithium-Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese-Aluminum-Oxide.
39 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and wherein the active layer contains at least 98.5% of the active material particles by weight by weight of the active layer.
40 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and the active layer contains between 96.0% to 98.5% of the active material particles by weight of the active layer.
41 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein:
the cathode comprises the active layer;
the active layer comprises a polymeric additive, the polymeric additive being at least one of (i) selected from a family of polyamides, or (ii) a modified polyamide or derivative of a polyamide; and
the active layer comprises approximately 0.5% of the polymeric additive by weight of the active layer.
42 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein:
the cathode comprises the active layer;
the active layer comprises a polymeric additive, the polymeric additive being at least one of (i) selected from a family of polyamides, or (ii) a modified polyamide or derivative of a polyamide; and
the active layer comprises between 0.25% and 1.5% of the polymeric additive by weight of the active layer.
43 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises the active layer, and the network is at least 99% carbon by weight and comprises an electrically interconnected network of carbon elements exhibiting connectivity above a percolation threshold and wherein the network defines one or more highly electrically conductive pathways having a length greater than 100 μm;
44 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein:
the cathode comprises the active layer;
the active layer comprises a polymeric additive, the polymeric additive being at least one of (i) selected from a family of polyamides, or (ii) a modified polyamide or derivative of a polyamide; and
the polymeric additive is a polymeric binder.
45 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein:
the cathode comprises the active layer;
the active layer comprises a polymeric additive, the polymeric additive being at least one of (i) selected from a family of polyamides, or (ii) a modified polyamide or derivative of a polyamide; and
the polymeric additive is at least partially disposed in at least one void space defined by the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements.
46 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein:
the cathode comprises the active layer; and
the active layer comprises a polymeric additive, the polymeric additive being at least one of (i) selected from a family of polyamides, or (ii) a modified polyamide or derivative of a polyamide.
47 . The energy storage device of claim 46 , wherein: the polymeric additive has a tensile strength of less than 70 MPa as measured when the polymer additive is dry.
48 . The energy storage device of claim 46 , wherein the polymeric additive has a tensile strength of less than 50 MPa as measured when the polymer additive is dry.
49 . The energy storage device of claim 46 , wherein the polymeric additive has a tensile strength of less than 25 MPa as measured when the polymer additive is dry.
50 . The energy storage device of claim 46 , wherein the polymeric additive has a tensile strength of less than 10 MPa as measured when the polymer additive is dry.
51 . The energy storage device of claim 46 , wherein the polymeric additive has an elongation at yield of greater than 10% as measured when the polymer additive is dry.
52 . The energy storage device of claim 46 , wherein the polymeric additive has an elongation at yield of greater than 20% as measured when the polymer additive is dry.
53 . The energy storage device of claim 46 , wherein the polymeric additive is water soluble.
54 . The energy storage device of claim 46 , wherein the polymeric additive is soluble in alcohols.
55 . The energy storage device of claim 46 , wherein the polymeric additive is soluble in each of water and alcohols.
56 . The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein:
the anode comprises the active layer;
the active material particles comprise silicon; and
the active layer comprises a polymeric additive, the polymeric additive being at least one of a polyolefin, a Poly(acrylic acid), and a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).
57 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the silicon comprised in the electrode active material particles is in the form of SiO.
58 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the silicon comprised in the electrode active material is microsilicon.
59 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the silicon comprised in the comprised in the electrode active material is greater than fifty percent of the active layer by weight.
60 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the silicon comprised in the comprised in the electrode active material is at least eighty percent of the active layer by weight.
61 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a mesh of carbon nanotubes; and
the mesh of carbon nanotubes maintains electrical connection among at least a subset of the carbon nanotubes comprised in the mesh during expansion of the Silicon.
62 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a mesh of carbon nanotubes; and
the mesh of carbon nanotubes maintains electrical connection among at least a subset of the carbon nanotubes comprised in the mesh during a charging and discharging of a battery in which the electrode is comprised.
63 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises:
a first set of carbon nanotubes, wherein the first set of carbon nanotubes comprise a plurality of first carbon nanotubes or a plurality of bundles of first carbon nanotubes; and
a second set of carbon nanotubes, wherein:
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprise a plurality of second carbon nanotubes or a plurality of bundles of second carbon nanotubes; and
the second set of carbon nanotubes has one or more properties different from the first set of carbon nanotubes.
64 . The energy storage device of claim 63 , wherein the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall nanotubes.
65 . The energy storage device of claim 63 , wherein the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single wall nanotubes.
66 . The energy storage device of claim 63 , wherein:
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single-wall carbon nanotubes; and
a ratio of an amount by weight of the first set of carbon nanotubes to the second set of carbon nanotubes is about 2:1.
67 . The energy storage device of claim 63 , wherein the first set of carbon nanotubes and the second set of carbon nanotubes form a mesh that maintains electrical connection among carbon nanotubes comprised in the mesh during a charging and discharging of a battery in which the electrode is comprised.
68 . The energy storage device of claim 63 , wherein after wetted with an electrolyte an average thickness of the multi-wall carbon nanotubes increases less than 10%.
69 . The energy storage device of claim 63 , wherein a first average aspect ratio of the first set of carbon nanotubes is larger than a second average aspect ratio of the second set of carbon nanotubes.
70 . The energy storage device of claim 63 , wherein an average aspect ratio of the first set of carbon nanotubes is at least 100 microns.
71 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises:
a first set of carbon nanotubes, wherein the first set of carbon nanotubes comprise a plurality of first carbon nanotubes or a plurality of bundles of first carbon nanotubes;
a second set of carbon nanotubes, wherein:
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprise a plurality of second carbon nanotubes or a plurality of bundles of second carbon nanotubes; and
the second set of carbon nanotubes has one or more properties different from the first set of carbon nanotubes; and
graphite particles.
72 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises approximately 5% graphite by weight of the active layer.
73 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein:
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single-wall carbon nanotubes;
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements is approximately 2% single-wall carbon nanotubes by weight.
74 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein:
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single-wall carbon nanotubes;
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements is approximately 0.5% single-wall carbon nanotubes by weight of the active layer.
75 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein:
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single-wall carbon nanotubes;
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements is less than or approximately equal to 2% single-wall carbon nanotubes by weight of the active layer.
76 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein:
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single-wall carbon nanotubes;
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements is approximately 3% multi-wall carbon nanotubes by weight of the active layer.
77 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein:
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single-wall carbon nanotubes;
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements is approximately 4.5% multi-wall carbon nanotubes by weight of the active layer.
78 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein:
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single-wall carbon nanotubes;
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements is greater than approximately 3% and less than approximately 5% multi-wall carbon nanotubes by weight of the active layer.
79 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein:
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single-wall carbon nanotubes;
a ratio of an amount by weight of the first set of carbon nanotubes to the second set of carbon nanotubes is at least 9:1.
80 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein:
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single-wall carbon nanotubes;
a ratio of an amount by weight of the first set of carbon nanotubes to the second set of carbon nanotubes is at least 5:1.
81 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein the multi-wall carbon nanotubes comprise:
an average diameter of between 6 nm and 10 nm;
an average wall thickness of between 6 nm and 7 nm; and
an average length of about 16 micron.
82 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein the single-wall carbon nanotubes comprise:
an average diameter of between 1 nm and 2 nm;
an average length of about 5 micron.
83 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein the single-wall carbon nanotubes comprise:
an average diameter of between 3 nm and 5 nm; and
an average length of at least 200 micron.
84 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein the single-wall carbon nanotubes comprise:
an average diameter of between 3 nm and 5 nm; and
an average length of between 7 and 8 micron.
85 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein the single-wall carbon nanotubes comprise on average 1 or 2 layers of walls.
86 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein the single-wall carbon nanotubes comprise:
an average diameter of between 5 nm and 6 nm;
an average length of between 7 and 8 micron.
87 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein the single-wall carbon nanotubes comprise:
a range of lengths between 1 nm and 34 nm;
an average length of between 7 and 8 micron.
88 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein after wetted with an electrolyte an average thickness of the active layer increases less than 10%.
89 . The energy storage device of claim 88 , wherein after wetted with an electrolyte one or more parts of the active layer swell to cause the thickness of the active layer to increase.
90 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein after wetted with an electrolyte an average thickness of the active layer increases less than 15%.
91 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein after wetted with an electrolyte an average thickness of the active layer increases less than 5%.
92 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein a first average aspect ratio of the first set of carbon nanotubes is larger than a second average aspect ratio of the second set of carbon nanotubes.
93 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein an average aspect ratio of the first set of carbon nanotubes is at least 100.
94 . The energy storage device of claim 71 , wherein an average aspect ratio of the first set of carbon nanotubes is between 200 and 1000.
95 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprise a set of multi-wall carbon nanotubes comprising a plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes have an average length greater than 5 microns.
96 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprise a set of multi-wall carbon nanotubes comprising a plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes have an average length greater than 10 micron.
97 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprise a set carbon nanostructures.
98 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprise a set of multi-wall carbon nanotubes comprising a plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes; and
the plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes have at least 6 layers of walls.
99 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprise a set of multi-wall carbon nanotubes comprising a plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes; and
the plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes have at least 7 layers of walls.
100 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprise a set of multi-wall carbon nanotubes comprising a plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes; and
the plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes have 6 or 7 layers of walls.
101 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprise at least one material selected from the group consisting of:
carbon nanostructures, fragments of carbon nanostructures, and fractured multi-wall carbon nanotubes.
102 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a plurality of carbon nanotubes; and
a distribution of lengths of the plurality of carbon nanotubes is skewed towards a nominal length of the carbon nanotube.
103 . The energy storage device of claim 102 , wherein the nominal length of the carbon nanotube is at least 15 micron.
104 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises a plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotubes; and
a distribution of lengths of the plurality of multi-wall carbon nanotube is skewed towards a nominal length a multi-wall carbon nanotube.
105 . The energy storage device of claim 104 , wherein the nominal length of the multi-wall carbon nanotube is at least 15 micron.
106 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , further comprising:
an electrolyte;
wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements further comprises: graphite;
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprises multi-wall carbon nanotubes;
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprises single-wall carbon nanotubes; and
when wetted with the electrolyte the multi-wall nanotubes comprised in the first set of carbon nanotubes swell less than the single-wall carbon nanotubes comprised in the second set of carbon nanotubes.
107 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises:
a first set of carbon nanotubes, wherein:
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprise a plurality of first carbon nanotubes or a plurality of bundles of first carbon nanotubes;
the multi-wall carbon nanotubes comprise:
an average diameter of between 6 nm and 10 nm;
an average wall thickness of between 6 nm and 7 nm; and
an average length of about 16 micron; and
a second set of carbon nanotubes, wherein:
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprise a plurality of second carbon nanotubes or a plurality of bundles of second carbon nanotubes; and
the second set of carbon nanotubes has one or more properties different from the first set of carbon nanotubes.
108 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein:
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements comprises:
a first set of carbon nanotubes, wherein:
the first set of carbon nanotubes comprise a plurality of first carbon nanotubes or a plurality of bundles of first carbon nanotubes; and
a second set of carbon nanotubes, wherein:
the second set of carbon nanotubes comprise a plurality of second carbon nanotubes or a plurality of bundles of second carbon nanotubes; and
the second set of carbon nanotubes has one or more properties different from the first set of carbon nanotubes; and
the single wall carbon nanotubes comprise:
an average diameter of 1 nm and 6 nm;
an average length of about 5 micron.
109 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the active layer contains at least 98.5% of the active material particles by weight.
110 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the active layer contains between 96.0% to 98.5% of the active material particles by weight.
111 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the network is at least 99% carbon by weight and comprises an electrically interconnected network of carbon elements exhibiting connectivity above a percolation threshold and wherein the network defines one or more highly electrically conductive pathways having a length greater than 100 μm;
112 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , further comprising:
a foil;
wherein:
the active layer is disposed on the foil; and
a thickness of the foil is equal to or less than 8 micrometers.
113 . The energy storage device of claim 112 , wherein the foil is copper.
114 . The energy storage device of claim 112 , wherein the thickness of the foil is equal to or less than 6 micrometers.
115 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the active layer contains at least 50% of the active material particles by weight.
116 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the active layer contains between 50 to 98.5% of the active material particles by weight.
117 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the active layer comprises at least 5% of the polymeric additive by weight.
118 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the active layer comprises between 8% of the polymeric additive by weight.
119 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the active layer comprises less than 12% of the polymeric additive by weight.
120 . The energy storage device of claim 56 , wherein the network is at least 99% carbon by weight and comprises an electrically interconnected network of carbon elements exhibiting connectivity above a percolation threshold and wherein the network defines one or more highly electrically conductive pathways having a length greater than 100 μm.
121 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric additive is from a family of the at least one of the polyolefin, a Poly(acrylic acid), and the SBR.
122 . An energy storage device, comprising:
a cathode, comprising:
an active layer comprising:
a network of high aspect ratio carbon elements defining void spaces within the network;
a plurality of electrode active material particles disposed in the void spaces within the network; and
a polymeric additive, the polymeric additive being at least one of (i) selected from a family of polyamides, or (ii) a modified polyamide or
derivative of a polyamide; and
an anode, comprising:
an active layer comprising:
a network of high aspect ratio carbon elements defining void spaces within the network;
a plurality of electrode active material particles disposed in the void spaces within the network, wherein the active material particles comprise silicon; and
a polymeric additive, the polymeric additive being at least one of a polyolefin, a poly(acrylic acid), and a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).
123 . An electric vehicle, comprising an energy storage device, wherein the energy storage device comprises:
an anode and a cathode, wherein:
at least one of the anode and cathode includes an active layer comprising:
a network of high aspect ratio carbon elements defining void spaces within the network; and
a plurality of electrode active material particles disposed in the void spaces within the network; and
the network of high aspect ratio carbon elements has an intersection density of at least 0.1 per μm 2 .
124 . The electric vehicle of claim 123 , wherein the electric vehicle corresponds to at least one of an automobile, a scooter, a motorcycle, a boat, an aircraft, and a sports leisure vehicle.