COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND ELECTRODES FOR CARBON DIOXIDE ELECTROLYSIS
The present disclosure relates to compositions, composite materials, and a method of forming electrodes for carbon oxide electrolysis using composite materials. The composite materials may include a first polymeric structure and a second polymeric structure, in which at least one of these structures includes an ionizable moiety or an ionic moiety. At least one of the polymeric structures includes a linking moiety. In some instances, both the first and second structures include an ionizable or ionic moiety. The present disclosure also relates to composite material that includes a crosslinked polymer networks with the first and second polymer structures according to formulas (I and II), or salt thereof.
1 . A cross-linked polymer network comprising a polymer having a structure of formula (I):
or a salt thereof,
wherein each P1 and each P2, independently, comprises an aromatic hydrocarbon-containing backbone;
R1 comprises an ionic moiety or ionizable moiety;
L comprises a linking moiety;
R′ comprises a haloalkyl group;
x is from 1 to 50;
y is from 1 to 50; and
n:m is between 0% to 100%.
2 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 1 , wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon-containing backbone comprises structures of formula:
wherein, each R 1 and R 2 is, independently, H, optionally substituted aliphatic, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaliphatic, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aromatic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted arylalkylene, or, wherein R 1 and R 2 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted cyclic group;
each of ring a, ring b, and/or ring c can be optionally substituted.
3 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 1 , wherein the linking moiety comprises a structure of formula:
4 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 1 , wherein the R1 comprises a quaternary ammonium, or a salt thereof.
5 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 1 , wherein the R1 is one of
6 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 1 , wherein the R1 comprises a nitrogen containing-heterocycle, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle cation, or salt thereof.
7 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 1 , wherein the R1 comprises a piperidinium, or salt thereof.
8 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 1 , wherein the R1 comprises a phosphorus-containing moiety, or salt thereof.
9 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 1 , wherein the R′ is a CF 3 .
10 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 1 , wherein the n:m is 20% to 75%.
11 . A cross-linked polymer network comprising a polymer having a structure of formula (II):
or a salt thereof,
wherein each P1 and each P2, independently, comprises an aromatic hydrocarbon-containing backbone;
R1 comprises an ionic or ionizable moiety;
L comprises a linking moiety;
R′ comprises a haloalkyl group;
x is from 1 to 100000;
y is from 1 to 100000;
z is from 1 to 18; and
n:m is between 0% to 100%.
12 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 11 , wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon-containing backbone comprises structures of formula:
wherein, each R 1 and R 2 is, independently, H, optionally substituted aliphatic, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaliphatic, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aromatic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted arylalkylene, or, wherein R 1 and R 2 can be taken together to form an optionally substituted cyclic group;
each of ring a, ring b, and/or ring c can be optionally substituted.
13 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 11 , wherein the linking moiety comprises structures of formula:
14 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 11 , wherein the R1 comprises a quaternary ammonium, or a salt thereof.
15 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 11 , wherein the R1 is one of
16 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 11 , wherein the R1 comprises a nitrogen containing-heterocycle, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle cation, or salt thereof.
17 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 11 , wherein the R1 comprises a piperidinium, or salt thereof.
18 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 11 , wherein the R1 comprises a phosphorus-containing moiety, or salt thereof.
19 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 11 , wherein the R′ is a CF 3 .
20 . The cross-linked polymer network of claim 11 , wherein the degree of crosslinking is the ratio of m between 25% to 50%.