IP Library Granted Patent US 12,461,997
Granted Patent B2
US 12,461,997 · App. 19/016,257 · Granted Nov 4, 2025

Systems and methods of sensor data fusion

Inventor: Armando Montalvo (Winter Garden, FL)
Assignee: Digital Global Systems, Inc.
G06F18/256B25J9/163B60R19/483B60T8/1755B60T8/3275B60W10/18B60W10/184B60W30/085B60W30/09B60W60/0018B60W60/00186B62D15/0285G01C3/00G01C21/3804G01C21/3811G01C21/3848G01C22/00G01S5/14G01S11/00G01S13/08G01S13/103G01S13/42G01S15/08G01S15/101G01S15/42G01S17/08G01S17/88G01S17/894G05B13/0205G06F7/14G06F7/16G06F16/24G06F16/245G06F16/2455G06F16/24556G06F16/2456G06F16/33G06F16/334G06F16/43G06F16/53G06F16/903G06F16/90335G06F16/9035G06F17/18G06F18/217G06F18/2431G06F18/25G06F18/251G06N3/02G06N3/0464G06N5/022G06N5/042G06N5/045G06N5/046G06N5/048G06T7/521G06V10/764G06V10/803G06V10/82G06V20/56H04L67/12H04W4/38B25J9/1664B25J9/1694B60T2201/00B60T2201/03B60W2050/0052B60W60/00B60W2420/00B60W2420/40B60W2420/403B60W2420/408B60W2420/50B60W2510/069B60W2510/18B60W2520/04B60W2540/12B60W2554/801B60W2554/802B60W2556/35B60W2710/18B60W2754/30G01C21/1652G01S7/4808G01S2013/93185G05D2101/15G05D2111/50G05D2111/67G06F18/213G06N5/04G06N20/00G06T2207/10028G06T2207/20024G06T2207/20084G06T2207/30252G06T2207/30264G06V10/80G08B29/188G08G1/0133G08G1/04G08G1/042
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,461,997
App. No.
19/016,257
Granted
Nov 4, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

Systems and methods of sensor data fusion including sensor data capture, curation, linking, fusion, inference, and validation. The systems and methods described herein reduce computational demand and processing time by curating data and calculating conditional entropy. The system is operable to fuse data from a plurality of sensor types. A computer processor optionally stores fused sensor data that the system validates above a mathematical threshold.

Claims (64)

1 . A system for sensor data fusion for sensor management and utilization in robotics, comprising:

at least one computer processor including a memory;

at least one curation engine, at least one link engine, at least one fusion engine, at least one inference engine, and at least one validation engine;

at least one first position sensor operable to capture a first position measurement corresponding to a first position of a robotic component; and

at least one second position sensor operable to capture a second position measurement corresponding to the first position of the robotic component;

wherein the at least one computer processor is operable to analyze the first position measurement and the second position measurement;

wherein the at least one computer processor is operable to receive at least one query;

wherein the at least one curation engine is operable to curate the first position measurement and the second position measurement, the at least one link engine is operable to link the first position measurement and the second position measurement via calculating a conditional entropy between the first position measurement and the second position measurement, the at least one fusion engine is operable to fuse the first position measurement and the second position measurement, thereby creating fused data, the at least one inference engine is operable to determine at least one inference from the first position measurement and the second position measurement, and the at least one validation engine is operable to validate the first position measurement and the second position measurement;

wherein the fused data includes at least one new data set;

wherein the at least one inference engine determines the at least one inference by using artificial intelligence based in part on the at least one query and/or the at least one new data set;

wherein the at least one validation engine is operable to actively validate the fused data;

wherein the actively validating the fused data includes modification of position of the at least one first position sensor, and the at least one first position sensor is operable to capture a third position measurement at the modified position to generate a second data set;

wherein the actively validating the fused data further includes the at least one validation engine comparing the fused data to the second data set via a statistical comparison;

wherein the at least one inference engine is operable to respond to the at least one query based in part on the at least one inference;

wherein the at least one inference engine is operable to determine internal sensor damage for the at least one first position sensor and the at least one second position sensor based on the at least one inference; and

wherein the at least one computer processor is operable to instruct the robotic component to move to a second position based on the at least one new data set and the first position measurement and the second position measurement.

2 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the response to the at least one query includes a position of the robotic component.

3 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one query is user and/or computer generated.

4 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one inference engine is operable to determine which of the at least one first position sensor and/or the at least one second position sensor the at least one computer processor responds to based in part on the at least one inference.

5 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one inference includes a numerical value.

6 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one inference includes a prediction of a future event based in part on the fused data.

7 . A method for sensor data fusion for sensor management and utilization in robotics, comprising:

providing at least one computer processor including a memory;

providing at least one curation engine, at least one link engine, at least one fusion engine, at least one inference engine, and at least one validation engine;

at least one first position sensor capturing a first position measurement corresponding to a first position of a robotic component;

at least one second position sensor capturing a second position measurement corresponding to the first position of the robotic component;

analyzing by the at least one computer processor the first position measurement and the second position measurement;

receiving by the at least one computer processor at least one query;

curating by the at least one curation engine the first position measurement and the second position measurement, linking by the at least one link engine the first position measurement and the second position measurement via calculating a conditional entropy between the first position measurement and the second position measurement, fusing by the at least one fusion engine the first position measurement and the second position measurement, thereby creating fused data, determining at least one inference by the at least one inference engine from the first position measurement and the second position measurement, and validating by the at least one validation engine the first position measurement and the second position measurement;

wherein the fused data includes at least one new data set;

determining via the at least one inference engine the at least one inference by using artificial intelligence based in part on the at least one query and/or the at least one new data set;

actively validating by the at least one validation engine the fused data;

wherein the actively validating the fused data includes modifying position of the at least one first position sensor, and the at least one first position sensor is operable to capture a third position measurement at the modified position to generate a second data set;

comparing via the at least one validation engine as part of the actively validating the fused data to the second data set via a statistical comparison;

determining by the at least one validation engine if the statistical comparison exceeds a predefined threshold to automatically validate the at least one inference in real time;

responding via the at least one inference engine the at least one query based in part on the at least one inference;

determining via the at least one inference engine internal sensor damage for the at least one first position sensor and the at least one second position sensor based on the at least one inference;

instructing by the at least one computer processor movement of the robotic component to a second position based on the at least one new data set and the first position measurement and the second position measurement.

8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein responding via the at least one inference engine to the at least one query includes a position of the robotic component.

9 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the at least one inference includes a numerical value.

10 . The method of claim 7 , further comprising predicting via the at least one inference engine a future event based in part on the fused data.

11 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the at least one query is user and/or computer generated.

12 . The method of claim 7 , further comprising determining via the at least one inference engine which of the at least one first position sensor and/or the at least one second position sensor the at least one computer processor responds to based in part on the at least one inference.

13 . A system for sensor data fusion for sensor management and utilization in robotics, comprising:

at least one computer processor including a memory;

at least one curation engine, at least one link engine, at least one fusion engine, at least one inference engine, and at least one validation engine; and

at least two sensors, each of the at least two sensors operable to measure a first position of a robotic component and a second position of the robotic component;

wherein the at least one computer processor is operable to analyze the first position and the second position;

wherein the at least one computer processor is operable to receive at least one query;

wherein the at least one curation engine is operable to curate the first position and the second position, the at least one link engine is operable to link the first position and the second position via calculating a conditional entropy between the first position measurement and the second position measurement, the at least one fusion engine is operable to fuse the first position and the second position, thereby creating fused data, the at least one inference engine is operable to determine at least one inference from the first position and the second position, and the at least one validation engine is operable to validate the first position and the second position;

wherein the fused data includes at least one new data set;

wherein the at least one inference engine determines the at least one inference by using artificial intelligence based in part on the at least one query and/or the at least one new data set;

wherein the at least one inference engine is operable to respond to the at least one query based in part on the at least one inference;

wherein the at least one validation engine is operable to actively validate the fused data;

wherein the actively validating the fused data includes modification of position of the at least one first position sensor, and the at least one first position sensor is operable to capture a third position measurement at the modified position to generate a second data set;

wherein the actively validating the fused data further includes the at least one validation engine comparing the fused data to the second data set via a statistical comparison;

wherein the at least one inference engine is operable to determine internal sensor damage for the at least two sensors based on the at least one inference; and

wherein the at least one computer processor is operable to instruct the robotic component to move to the third position based on the at least one new data set and the first position and the second position.

14 . The system of claim 13 , wherein the response to the at least one query includes a position of the robotic component.

15 . The system of claim 13 , wherein the at least one inference engine is operable to determine which of the at least one first position sensor and/or the at least one second position sensor the at least one computer processor responds to based in part on the at least one inference.

16 . The system of claim 13 , wherein the at least one inference includes a numerical value.

17 . The system of claim 13 , wherein the at least one inference engine is operable to determine the at least one inference in real-time.

18 . The system of claim 13 , wherein the at least one inference includes a prediction of a future event based in part on the fused data.

19 . The system of claim 13 , wherein the at least one new data set includes an accuracy value for the at least two sensors.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Feb 13, 2025
From: MONTALVO, ARMANDO
To: DIGITAL GLOBAL SYSTEMS, INC.
Reel/Frame 070214/0056 →
Continuity (3)
Continuation 18990161 · Dec 20, 2024
Continuation 18988120 · Dec 19, 2024
Related Publication 20250144806A1 · May 8, 2025
References Cited (154)
US 6026340A · Corrado et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 9367683B2 · Kolacinski et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9383753B1 · Templeton et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 10073456B2 · Mudalige et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10095230B1 · Hardin · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10748075B2 · Chowdhary et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10766137B1 · Porter et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10959371B2 · Zhou et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11037320B1 · Ebrahimi Afrouzi et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11040444B2 · Cristache · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11436429B2 · Jaganathan et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11586865B2 · Brahma et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 11966413B2 · Latapie et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 11983625B2 · Ahuja et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 12105211B2 · Carcanague et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 12112174B2 · Sodani et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 12174301B2 · Hu et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 12217831B2 · Jaganathan et al. · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 12287851B1 · Montalvo · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 20040019575A1 · Talbot et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20050110620A1 · Takeichi et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20070239314A1 · Kuvich · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20080005075A1 · Horvitz et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080312756A1 · Grichnik et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20120134280A1 · Rotvold et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20130325241A1 · Lombrozo et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20150306770A1 · Mittal et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20170004411A1 · Hassan et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170048010A1 · Chowdhery et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170091639A1 · Adams et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20180032891A1 · Ba et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180284758A1 · Cella et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20190206400A1 · Cui et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190215338A1 · Baggeroer et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190258251A1 · Ditty et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190294999A1 · Guttmann · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190295001A1 · Fusco et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200026289A1 · Alvarez et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200116837A1 · Aghari et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200219316A1 · Baik et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200303033A1 · Benz et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200380338A1 · Matsumura · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200405403A1 · Shelton, IV · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 20210033735A1 · Kleeman · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210150230A1 · Smolyanskiy et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210246003A1 · Wu et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210278523A1 · Urtasun et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210290311A1 · Fuerst · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20210318121A1 · Laroche et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210331695A1 · Ramakrishnan et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210342656A1 · Mittal et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210406560A1 · Park · 2021 [cited by examiner]
US 20220012562A1 · Lazaro-Gredilla et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220035376A1 · Laddah et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220075077A1 · Kato et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220126864A1 · Moustafa et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220146652A1 · Cardei et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220161356A1 · Fujiwara et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220161815A1 · Van Beek et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220179056A1 · Braley et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220266399A1 · Griffin et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220289175A1 · Kasarla et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220324464A1 · Collin et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220348223A1 · Zhao et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20230038842A1 · Yu et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230082656A1 · Li et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230110027A1 · Bajpayee et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230112441A1 · Tang et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230149101A1 · Mottram · 2023 [cited by examiner]
US 20230166765A1 · Yoon et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230182768A1 · Oh · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230190204A1 · Helm et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230191617A1 · Kim et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230215028A1 · Kim et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230256618A1 · Park · 2023 [cited by examiner]
US 20230270506A1 · Goodchild · 2023 [cited by examiner]
US 20230288185A1 · Nagasaki et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230342944A1 · Sullivan et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230347517A1 · Ma · 2023 [cited by examiner]
US 20230394334A1 · Kang et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20240045426A1 · Ditty et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240046612A1 · Panetta · 2024 [cited by examiner]
US 20240058948A1 · Zhai · 2024 [cited by examiner]
US 20240112428A1 · Levi et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240123619A1 · Ning · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240138926A1 · Goodchild · 2024 [cited by examiner]
US 20240142994A1 · Ebrahimi Afrouzi · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240144082A1 · Tarapov et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240152734A1 · Ye · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240159891A1 · Patel · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240246559A1 · Agrawal · 2024 [cited by examiner]
US 20240249165A1 · Roche et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240267779A1 · Wu et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240289930A1 · Yang et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240289981A1 · Kuo et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240296044A1 · Day et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240312219A1 · Choi et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240317254A1 · Tran · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240324838A1 · Ebrahimi Afrouzi · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240331403A1 · Shen et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240378412A1 · Schrader · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240382216A1 · Hage · 2024 [cited by examiner]
US 20240408495A1 · Hibi et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240412494A1 · Balachandran et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20250026371A1 · Andert et al. · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 20250053731A1 · Kantimahanti et al. · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 20250130316A1 · Asghari et al. · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 20250139807A1 · Zou et al. · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 20250175779A1 · Eakins et al. · 2025 [cited by applicant]
US 20250200431A1 · Marzban · 2025 [cited by examiner]
US 20250217863A1 · Tunkelang et al. · 2025 [cited by applicant]
CN 110598299A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
CN 110909762A · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CN 111971633A · 2020 [cited by examiner]
CN 112828883B · 2022 [cited by examiner]
CN 115561795A · 2023 [cited by applicant]
CN 116522279A · 2023 [cited by applicant]
CN 118427205A · 2024 [cited by applicant]
DE 102018220024 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2022072921A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO 2023242003A1 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
WO 2024186551A1 · 2024 [cited by applicant]
WO 2024228863A1 · 2024 [cited by applicant]
Wu et al. Multi-robot gas source localization based on conditional information entropy (Year: 2022). [cited by examiner]
Berkvens et al. “Localization Performance Quantification by Conditional Entropy” (Year: 2015). [cited by examiner]
Lanegger et al., “To Fuse or Not to Fuse: Measuring Consistency in Multi-Sensor Fusion for Aerial Robots” Springer, Aug. 2024 (Year: 2024). [cited by applicant]
Liu et al., “A Method for Improving the Pose Accuracy of a Robot Manipulator Based on Multi-Sensor Combined Measurement and Data Fusion” Sensors 2015, 15, 7933-7952 (Year: 2015). [cited by applicant]
Yeong, D. J., Velasco-Hernandez, G., Barry, J., & Walsh, J. (2021). Sensor and sensor fusion technology in autonomous vehicles: A review. Sensors, 21(6), 2140. (Year: 2021). [cited by applicant]
Chen et al., “Track correlation uncertainty evaluation for Multi-sensor Data Fusion System and its application” 2021 IEEE (Year: 2021). [cited by applicant]
Peli et al., “Feature Level Sensor Fusion” Part of the SPIE Conference on Sensor Fusion: Architectures. Algorithms, and Applications III. Orlando, Florida, Apr. 1999 (Year: 1999). [cited by applicant]
Ebel, Patrick, and et al. “SEN12MS-CR-TS: A remote-sensing data set for multi modal multitemporal cloud removal.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 60 (2022): 1-14 (Year: 2022). [cited by applicant]
Wei Z, and et al. MmWave Radar and Vision Fusion for Object Detection in Autonomous Driving: A Review. Sensors (Basel). Mar. 25, 2022;22(7):2542. doi: 10.3390/s22072542. PMID: 35408157; PMCID: PMC9003130 (Year: 2022). [cited by applicant]
Brush, “Measurement of microwave power—A review of techniques used for measurement of high-frequency RF power” IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine Apr. 2007 (Year: 2007). [cited by applicant]
Kleber et al., “Cooperative Cross-Correlation Algorithm to Optimize Linearity of Fused RF Sensors” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 20, No. 7, Apr. 1, 2020 (Year: 2020). [cited by applicant]
Chung et al., “Entropy-Based Markov Chains for Multisensor Fusion” Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems 29: 161a189, 2000 (Year: 2000). [cited by applicant]
Scibelli et al., “Low-cost Stellar Sensor for Attitude Control of Small Satellites” 2019 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium—Spring (PIERS—SPRING), Rome, Italy, Jun. 17-20 (Year: 2019). [cited by applicant]
Tan et al., “A New Approach for Small Satellite Gyroscope and Star Tracker Fusion” Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 9(17), May 2016 (Year: 2016). [cited by applicant]
Eenennaam, Providing over-the-horizon awareness to driver support systems by means of multi-hop ad hoc vehicle-to-vehicle communication (thesis); 2008 [retrieved Jul. 25, 2025], University of Twente, 204 pages.https://p… [cited by applicant]
Li, Belief Space-Guided Navigation for Robots and Autonomous Vehicles (thesis), May 2021 [retrieved Jul. 24, 2025], Texas A&M University, 123 pages. Retrieved: https://oaktrust.library. tamu.edu/server/api/core/bitstrea… [cited by applicant]
Shen, Security Challenges and Defense Opportunities of Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Systems in the Physical World (thesis), 2022 (retrieved Jul. 24, 2025), University of California, Irvine, 304 pages. Retrieved: htt… [cited by applicant]
Zhang, Compiler Support for Robust and High Performance Autonomous Driving Environments (thesis), 2022 (retrieved Jul. 24, 2025], University of Michigan Library, 125 pages. https://dx.doi.org/10. 7302/6919 (Year: 2022). [cited by applicant]
CN110598299—English translation. [cited by applicant]
CN115561795—English translation. [cited by applicant]
Basir, 0. A, and H. C. Shen. “Sensory data fusion: A team consensus approach.” In [Proceedings] 1992 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp. 290-296. IEEE, 1992 (Year: 1992). [cited by applicant]
Basir, Otman A, and Helen C. Shen. “New approach for aggregating multi-sensory data.” Journal of Robotic Systems 10, No. 8 (1993): 1075-1093 (Year: 1993). [cited by applicant]
DE-102018220024-B3 machine translation, downloaded Jul. 2025 (Year: 2025). [cited by applicant]
Jin, Xue-Bo, and et al. “Distributed deep fusion predictor for a multi-sensor system based on causality entropy.” Entropy 23, No. 2 (2021 ): 219 (Year: 2021). [cited by applicant]
Kong, Lingbao, ant et al. “Multi-sensor measurement and data fusion technology for manufacturing process monitoring: a literature review.” International journal of extreme manufacturing 2, No. 2 (2020): 022001 (Year: 20… [cited by applicant]
Long et al., “The Design of Automated Validation System for Satellite Data Transmission System Based on AOS” 2022 15th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-… [cited by applicant]
Noonan, Colin Anthony. “Measures of effectiveness for data fusion based on information entropy.” PhD diss., Durham University, 2000 (Year: 2000). [cited by applicant]
Rizal, Muhammad, ant et al. “An embedded multi-sensor system on the rotating dynamometer for real-time condition monitoring in milling” Int J Adv Manuf Technol, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00I 70-017-1251-8. [cited by applicant]
Xiao, Kejiang, Jian Li, and Chunhua Yang. “Exploiting correlation for confident sensing in fusion-based wireless sensor networks.” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 65, No. 6 (2017): 4962-4972 (Year: 2017). [cited by applicant]
Yang, Guang-Zhong, and et al. “Multi-sensor fusion.” In Body sensor networks, pp. 301-354. London: Springer London, 2014 (Year: 2014). [cited by applicant]
Rumfelt et al., “Radio Frequency Power Measurements” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 55, No. 6, Jun. 1967 (Year: 1967). [cited by applicant]