ALKALI METAL OXIDE AND HYDROXIDE REDUCTION IN THE FILM BY EX-SITU SURFACE PASSIVATED LAYER
Embodiments of the present disclosure include an anode for a battery including a substrate, a metal film disposed on the substrate, and a film stack disposed on the metal film. The film stack includes a lithium carbonate film and a lithium halide film disposed on the lithium carbonate. The lithium carbonate film is disposed on the metal film.
1 . An anode for a battery, comprising:
a substrate;
a metal film disposed on the substrate, wherein the metal film comprises a metal or a metal alloy; and
a film stack disposed on the metal film, the film stack comprising:
a first passivation layer disposed on the metal film, wherein the first passivation layer is lithio-philic; and
a second passivation layer disposed on the first passivation layer;
wherein the film stack is electrically insulating and ionically conductive.
2 . The anode of claim 1 , wherein the metal film comprises lithium.
3 . The anode of claim 1 , wherein the film stack is a solid electrolyte interphase.
4 . The anode of claim 1 , wherein the first passivation layer is a lithium carbonate film.
5 . The anode of claim 1 , wherein the second passivation layer is a dielectric film.
6 . The anode of claim 1 , further comprising a third passivation layer disposed over the metal film, wherein the first passivation layer is disposed over the third passivation layer.
7 . The anode of claim 6 , wherein the third passivation layer is a lithium oxide film.
8 . An energy storage device, comprising:
a cathode, comprising:
a cathode current collector;
a cathode film disposed on the cathode current collector;
a separator film disposed on the cathode film; and
an anode disposed on the separator film, the anode comprising:
an anode film disposed on the separator film;
a film stack disposed on the anode film, the film stack comprising:
a first passivation layer disposed on the anode film, wherein the first passivation layer is lithio-philic; and
a second passivation layer disposed on the first passivation layer, wherein the film stack is electrically insulating and ionically conductive; and
an anode current collector disposed on the anode film, wherein the anode comprises a metal or a metal alloy.
9 . The energy storage device of claim 8 , wherein the anode current collector is a substrate.
10 . The energy storage device of claim 8 , wherein the anode film is a metal film.
11 . The energy storage device of claim 8 , wherein the first passivation layer is a lithium carbonate film.
12 . The energy storage device of claim 8 , wherein the second passivation layer is a dielectric film.
13 . The energy storage device of claim 8 , further comprising a third passivation layer disposed over the anode film, wherein the first passivation layer is disposed over the third passivation layer.
14 . The energy storage device of claim 13 , wherein the third passivation layer is a lithium oxide film.
15 . A method of forming an anode for a battery, the method comprising:
disposing a metal film over a substrate, wherein the metal film comprises a metal or a metal alloy; and
disposing a film stack over the metal film, the disposing of the film stack comprising:
disposing a first passivation layer over the metal film, wherein the first passivation layer is lithio-philic; and
disposing a second passivation layer over the first passivation layer wherein the film stack is electrically insulating and ionically conductive.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein disposing the second passivation layer is performed using physical vapor deposition, evaporation deposition, atomic layer deposition, a slot-die process, a thin film transfer process, or a three-dimensional lithium printing process.
17 . The method of claim 15 , wherein disposing the first passivation layer is performed by exposing the metal film to carbon dioxide.
18 . The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
disposing a third passivation layer over the metal film, wherein the first passivation layer is disposed over the third passivation layer.
19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein disposing the third passivation layer is performed using physical vapor deposition.
20 . The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
disposing a separator film over the film stack; and
disposing a cathode over the separator film, the disposing of the cathode comprising:
disposing a cathode film over the separator film; and
disposing a cathode current collector over the cathode film.