MOTION-ROBUST CONTINUOUS HEART RATE MEASUREMENT
A technique of estimating a continuous heart rate of a subject includes acquiring pulsatility data indicative of a cardiac cycle of the subject and motion data indicative of a motion of the subject. Frequency transformations are performed on the pulsatility and motion data over discrete windows of temporal length T to generate a set of windowed spectra. The discrete windows are temporally overlapping and each temporally offset from one another. Heart rate values, each corresponding to one of the windowed spectra, are output using a processing pipeline including one or more neural networks trained to collectively output one of the heart rate values for each windowed spectra. The continuous heart rate is estimated based upon a set of the heart rate values from the discrete windows that are temporally overlapping.
1 . A method of estimating a continuous heart rate of a subject, the method comprising:
acquiring pulsatility data indicative of a cardiac cycle of the subject during sampling time t n , where n is an integer;
acquiring motion data indicative of a motion of the subject while the pulsatility data is measured from the subject during the sampling time t n ;
performing frequency transformations on the pulsatility and motion data over discrete windows of a temporal length T to generate a set of windowed spectra, wherein the discrete windows are temporally overlapping and each temporally offset from one another;
outputting heart rate values each corresponding to one of the windowed spectra using a processing pipeline including one or more neural networks trained to collectively output one of the heart rate values for each of the windowed spectra; and
estimating the continuous heart rate for the sampling time t n based upon a set of the heart rate values associated with the sampling time t n from the discrete windows that are temporally overlapping.
2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
calculating a deviation for the set of heart rate values associated with the sampling time t n ; and
estimating a confidence score for the continuous heart rate at the sampling time t n based on the deviation.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the discrete windows is temporally offset from an adjacent one of the discrete windows by a time increment Δt, where Δt<T.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the frequency transformations comprise windowed Fourier transforms and the windowed spectra comprise windowed Fourier spectra.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the pulsatility data comprises photoplethysmography (PPG) data and the motion data comprises accelerometry data.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the PPG and accelerometry data are acquired from at least one body wearable device.
7 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the accelerometry data comprises three-axis accelerometry data, the method further comprising:
averaging power spectral densities of the windowed spectra associated with each axis of the three-axis accelerometry data to generate orientation-invariant windowed spectra.
8 . The method of claim 1 further comprising:
bandpass filtering the pulsatility and motion data prior to performing the frequency transformations.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the processing pipeline comprises:
one-dimensional (1D) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) each associated with one of the windowed spectra within the set of windowed spectra;
one of bi-directional recurrent neural networks (RNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM), or transformers each coupled to an output of an associated one of the 1D CNNs; and
fully connected neural networks (FNNs) each coupled to an output of an associated one of the RNNs, LSTM, or transformers, wherein the FNNs are trained to output the heart rate values.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the processing pipeline comprises:
a two-dimensional (2D) convolutional neural network (CNN) with inputs adapted to receive the set of windowed spectra; and
a fully connected neural network (FNN) coupled to an output of the 2D CNN and trained to output the heart rate values.
11 . At least one machine-readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, in response to execution, cause a computing system to perform operations for estimating a continuous heart rate of a subject, the operations comprising:
acquiring pulsatility data indicative of a cardiac cycle of the subject during sampling time t n , where n is an integer;
acquiring motion data indicative of a motion of the subject while the pulsatility data is measured from the subject during the sampling time t n ;
performing frequency transformations on the pulsatility and motion data over discrete windows of a temporal length T to generate a set of windowed spectra, wherein the discrete windows are temporally overlapping and each temporally offset from one another;
outputting heart rate values each corresponding to one of the windowed spectra using a processing pipeline including one or more neural networks trained to collectively output one of the heart rate values for each windowed spectra; and
estimating the continuous heart rate for the sampling time t n based upon a set of the heart rate values associated with the sampling time t n from the discrete windows that are temporally overlapping.
12 . The at least one machine-readable medium of claim 11 , the operations further comprising:
calculating a deviation for the set of heart rate values associated with the sampling time t n ; and
estimating a confidence score for the continuous heart rate at the sampling time t n based on the deviation.
13 . The at least one machine-readable medium of claim 11 , wherein each of the discrete windows is temporally offset from an adjacent one of the discrete windows by a time increment Δt, where Δt<T.
14 . The at least one machine-readable medium of claim 11 , wherein the frequency transformations comprise windowed Fourier transforms and the windowed spectra comprise windowed Fourier spectra.
15 . The at least one machine-readable medium of claim 11 , wherein the pulsatility data comprises photoplethysmography (PPG) data and the motion data comprises accelerometry data.
16 . The at least one machine-readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the PPG and accelerometry data are acquired from a body wearable device.
17 . The at least one machine-readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the accelerometry data comprises three-axis accelerometry data, the operations further comprising:
averaging power spectral densities of the windowed spectra associated with each axis of the three-axis accelerometry data to generate orientation-invariant windowed spectra.
18 . The at least one machine-readable medium of claim 11 , the operations further comprising:
bandpass filtering the pulsatility and motion data prior to performing the frequency transformations.
19 . The at least one machine-readable medium of claim 11 , wherein the processing pipeline comprises:
one-dimensional (1D) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) each associated with one of the windowed spectra within the set of windowed spectra;
one of bi-directional recurrent neural networks (RNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM), or transformers each coupled to an output of an associated one of the 1D CNNs; and
fully connected neural networks (FNNs) each coupled to an output of an associated one of the RNNs, LSTM, or transformers, wherein the FNNs are trained to output the heart rate values.
20 . The at least one machine-readable medium of claim 11 , wherein the processing pipeline comprises:
a two-dimensional (2D) convolutional neural network (CNN) with inputs adapted to receive the set of windowed spectra; and
a fully connected neural network (FNN) coupled to an output of the 2D CNN and trained to output the heart rate values.