CARBON-BASED ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES, METHODS, AND APPARATUSES

1 . A method of producing an energy storage device, the method comprising:

treating pitch to produce a carbon fiber material;

fusing a plurality of carbon fibers of the carbon fiber material together to form a carbon monolith, wherein the plurality of carbon fibers are fused at contact points by melt blowing; and

compressing the carbon monolith to a predetermined density.

2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

beneficiating coal comprising impurity atoms to remove a predetermined amount of the impurity atoms; and

processing the beneficiated coal to produce the pitch.

3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the coal comprises impurity atoms, the impurity atoms comprising at least one of cadmium, selenium, boron, nitrogen, or silicon.

4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the pitch comprises mesophase pitch.

5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compressed carbon monolith has a specific surface area in a range from 5 m 2 /g to 3000 m 2 /g.

6 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising manufacturing an energy storage device using the compressed carbon fiber monolith in a roll-to-roll process.

7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon monolith comprises impurity atoms comprising at least one of cadmium, selenium, boron, nitrogen, or silicon.

8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein a concentration of the impurity atoms in the carbon monolith is in a range from 0.1 atomic % to 10 atomic %.

9 . An energy storage device formed from coal, the energy storage device comprising:

an electrode comprising:

a first activated carbon fiber monolith; and

a second activated carbon fiber monolith compressed with the first activated carbon fiber monolith, wherein the electrode exhibits predetermined performance characteristics.

10 . The energy storage device of claim 9 , wherein the predetermined performance characteristics comprise at least one of specific capacitance, volumetric capacitance, power level, or current density.

11 . The energy storage device of claim 9 , wherein the first activated carbon monolith has a porosity or density different from the second activated carbon monolith.

12 . A method of producing a carbon-based energy storage device from coal, the method comprising:

thermally processing coal at a temperature of at least 300° F.;

at least partially cooling the coal;

forming a reduced graphene oxide from the coal; and

forming an energy storage device from the reduced graphene oxide.

13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein forming the reduced graphene oxide from the coal comprises:

oxidizing the coal to form a coal oxide;

centrifuging the coal oxide;

collecting a precipitate from the coal oxide, the precipitate comprising graphene oxide; and

reducing the graphene oxide to form the reduced graphene oxide.

14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein oxidizing the coal to form the coal oxide comprises mixing the coal with at least one of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, or potassium permanganate, or hydrogen peroxide to form the coal oxide.

15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein mixing the coal with at least one of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, potassium permanganate, or hydrogen peroxide to form the coal oxide comprises:

mixing the coal with at least one of sulfuric acid or nitric acid to form a first coal mixture;

stirring the first coal mixture;

mixing potassium permanganate with the first coal mixture to form a second coal mixture;

stirring the second coal mixture;

diluting the second coal mixture with water to form a first solution;

mixing the solution with hydrogen peroxide to form a second solution;

performing a first centrifugation on the second solution; and

after performing the first centrifugation, separating a supernatant of the second solution from a precipitate of the second solution, the supernatant comprising the coal oxide.

16 . The method of claim 13 , further comprising diluting the coal oxide with water before centrifuging the coal oxide.

17 . The method of claim 13 , wherein reducing the graphene oxide to form reduced graphene oxide comprises:

sonicating the graphene oxide; and

hydrothermally treating the graphene oxide in a par reactor after sonicating the graphene oxide.

18 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the thermally processing the coal at the temperature of at least about 300° F. comprises:

heating the coal to a first temperature of less than 350° F.;

transferring the coal to a mercury removal reactor;

heating the coal in the mercury removal reactor to a second temperature of at least 500° F.; and

contacting the coal with an inert gas to remove at least a portion of mercury present in the coal.

19 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the reduced graphene oxide comprises a predetermined amount of impurity atoms present in the coal.

20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the impurity atoms comprise at least one of boron, nitrogen, or silicon.