Basic and acid dispersants derived from branched alkyl aliphatic acids and alcohols and one or more hydroxy carboxylic acid or lactone to give a polyoxyalkylenecarbonyl chain (POAC) having a terminal carboxylic acid group (TPOAC acid) or terminal hydroxy group (TPOAC alcohol). Preferred basic dispersants are obtained by reaching one or more TPOAC acids with a polyamine or polyimine such as polyethyleneimine and preferred anionic dispersants are prepared by forming a phosphate ester of a TPOAC alcohol.
1. A dispersant of formula 1
T-X-(A) n -Y-Z 1
wherein
T is branched alkyl;
X is —CO—, —O—, —S—, —NR 3 — or polyether;
R 3 is hydrogen, C 1-20 -alkyl or T-CO—;
A is oxyalkylene carbonyl and/or oxyalkenylene carbonyl (POAC);
Y is a divalent linkage selected from the residue of a diol, polyol, dicarboxylic acid, diisocyanate, and a direct bond;
Z is a sulfonate, sulphate, phosphonate, or phosphate;
n is from 2 to 100,
including salts thereof, except where the dispersant is a phosphate ester of either isostearyl alcohol reacted with 10 moles of ε-caprolactone or isostearyl alcohol with 8 moles of ethyleneoxide and 15 moles of ε-caprolactone
and further characterized in that the branched alkyl group, T, enhances the solubility of said dispersant in an organic media.
2. The dispersant as claimed in claim 1 wherein T contains 6 to 36 carbon atoms.
3. The dispersant as claimed in claim 2 wherein T is the residue of an aliphatic alcohol, T-OH, and wherein T-OH is, 2-ethylbutanol, 3-heptanol, 2-ethylhexanol, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanol, 3,7-dimethyloctanol or a Guerbet alcohol, including mixtures thereof.
4. The dispersant as claimed in claim 2 wherein T is the residue of an aliphatic acid, T-COOH, and wherein T-COOH is 2-ethylbutyric, ethyihexanoic, 2-butyloctanoic, 2-hexyldecanoic, 2-octyldodecanoic or 2-decyltetradecanoic acid, including mixtures thereof.
5. The dispersant as claimed in claim 1 wherein A is derived from glycolic acid, lactic acid, hydroxyvaleric acid, hydroxycaproic acid, ricinoleic acid, 12-hydroxystearic acid, 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid, 5-hydroxydodecanoic acid, 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, 4-hydroxydecanoic acid, or mixtures thereof.
6. The dispersant as claimed in claim 1 wherein A is derived from propiolactone, alkyl substituted-caprolactone, alkyl substituted δ-valerolactone, or mixtures thereof.
7. The dispersant as claimed in claim 6 wherein the molar ratio of ε-caprolactone to δ-valerolactone is from 20:1 to 1:5.
8. The dispersant as claimed in either claim 1 or claim 2 wherein Z is a phosphate.
9. The dispersant as claimed in either claims 1 or claim 2 which is of formula 9
[T-J-(CO—V—O) n ] w -L 1 M 9
wherein
J is oxygen or a polyether;
(CO—V—O) represents A;
L 1 is phosphate;
M is a cation; and
w is 1 or 2;
including mixtures thereof.
10. A process for making a dispersant as claimed in claim 9 which comprises reacting a TPOAC alcohol of formula 2
T-X—(CO—V—O) n H 2
with a phosphating agent in an inert atmosphere at a temperature between 60 and 120° C.,
wherein CO—V—O represents A.
11. A dispersion comprising a particulate solid, an organic medium and a dispersant of formula 1
T-X-(A) n -Y-Z 1
wherein
T is branched alkyl;
X is —CO—, —O—, —S—, —NR 3 — or polyether;
R 3 is hydrogen, C 1-20 -alkyl or T-CO—;
A is oxyalkylene carbonyl and/or oxyalkenylene carbonyl (POAC);
Y is a divalent linkage that is selected from the residue of a diol, residue of a polyol, residue of a dicarboxylic acid, residue of a diisocyanate, direct bond, or when Z is a basic group or a moiety containing basic group then a residue of an ethylenically unsaturated group connecting Z with -(A) n ;
Z is a sulfonate, sulphate, phosphonate, phosphate, polyamine or polyimine where T-X-(A) n -Y— is attached to the polyamine or polyimine via amide and/or salt links or via a Michael addition reaction;
n is from 2 to 100, and
when Z is a polyamine or polyimine; the dispersant is optionally of formula
wherein
X-*-*-X represents polyamine or polyimine;
Y 1 represents T-X-(A) n -Y;
q is from 2 to 2000
including salts thereof
and further characterized in that the branched alkyl group, T, enhances the solubility of said dispersant in said organic medium.
12. A milbase comprising a particulate solid, an organic medium, a film-forming resin and a dispersant of formula 1
T-X-(A) n -Y-Z 1
wherein
T is branched alkyl;
X is —CO—, —O—, —S—, —NR 3 — or polyether;
R 3 is hydrogen, C 1-20 -alkyl or T-CO—;
A is oxyalkylene carbonyl and/or oxyalkenylene carbonyl (POAC);
Y is a divalent linkage selected from a residue of a diol, a residue of a polyol, a residue of a dicarboxylic acid, a residue of a diisocyanate, a direct bond, or when Z is a basic group or a moiety containing basic group then a residue of an ethylenically unsaturated group;
Z is a sulfonate, sulphate, phosphonate, phosphate, polyamine or polyimine where T-X-(A) n -Y— is attached to the polyamine or polyimine via amide and/or salt links or via a Michael addition reaction;
n is from 2to 100, and
when Z is a polyamine or polyimine; the dispersant is optionally of formula
wherein
X-*-*-X represents polyamine or polyimine;
Y 1 represents T-X-(A) n -Y—;
q is from 2 to 2000
including salts thereof
and further characterized in that the branched alkyl group, T, enhances the solubility of said dispersant in said organic medium.
13. A paint or ink comprising a particulate solid, an organic medium, a film-forming resin and a dispersant of formula 1
T-X-(A) n -Y-Z 1
wherein
T is branched alkyl;
X is —CO—, —O—, —S—, —NR 3 — or polyether;
R 3 is hydrogen, C 1-20 -alkyl or T-CO—;
A is oxyalkylene carbonyl and/or oxyalkenylene carbonyl (POAC);
Y is a divalent linkage selected from a residue of a diol, a residue of a polyol, a residue of a dicarboxylic acid, a residue of a diisocyanate, a direct bond, or when Z is a basic group or a moiety containing a basic group then a residue of an ethylenically unsaturated group;
Z is a sulfonate, sulphate, phosphonate, phosphate, polyamine or polyimine where T-X-(A) n -Y— is attached to the polyamine or polyimine via amide and/or salt links or via a Michael addition reaction;
n is from 2to 100, and
when Z is a polyamine or polyimine; the dispersant is of optionally formula
wherein
X-*-*-X represents polyamine or polyimine;
Y 1 represents T-X-(A) n -Y—;
q is from 2 to 2000
including salts thereof
and further characterized in that the branched alkyl group, T, enhances the solubility of said dispersant in said organic medium.
14. The dispersion as claimed in claim 11 wherein Z is the residue of polyallylamine, polyvinylamine, or poly (C 2-4 -alkyleneimine).
15. The dispersion as claimed in claim 11 wherein the dispersant comprises polyvinylamine, polyallylamine or poly (C 2-4 -alkyleneimine) (PAI) carrying at least two polyoxyalkylenecarbonyl chains (POAC) of formula 4
T-CO—(O—V—CO) n — 4
wherein —(O—V—CO)— represents A.
16. A dispersion as claimed in claim 11 wherein the weight ratio of (Y 1 ) q to X-*-*-X is from 30:1 to 1:1.
17. The dispersion as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the dispersant comprises a chain residue of formula 13
—CH 2 —CH(R)—COOR 1 —O—(CO—V—O) n —OC-T 13
wherein
R is H or C 1-4 -alkyl;
R 1 is an aliphatic or aromatic residue containing up to 10 carbon atoms which optionally contains a polyether residue derivable from propyleneoxide and/or ethyleneoxide; and —(CO—V—O) represents A.
18. A process for making a dispersion as claimed in claim 11 which comprises mixing in any order a particulate solid, an organic medium, and a dispersant of formula 1, wherein said dispersant of formula 1 is made by reacting a TPOAC acid of formula 3
T-X—(O—V—CO) n OH 3
with polyvinylamine, polyallylamine or poly (C 2-4 -alkyleneimine) in an inert atmosphere at between 80 and 150° C.
wherein —(O—V—CO)— represents A.
19. A process for making a dispersion as claimed in claim 11 which comprises mixing in any order a particulate solid, an organic medium, and a dispersant of formula 1, wherein said dispersant of formula 1 is made by reacting polyvinylamine, polyallylamine or poly (C 2-4 -alkyleneimine) with a compound of formula 14
—CH═C(R)—COOR 1 —O—(CO—V—O) n —OC-T 14
in an inert solvent and at a temperature between 10 and 130° C.
wherein
R is H or C 1-4 -alkyl ; and
R 1 is an aliphatic or aromatic residue containing up to 10 carbon atoms which optionally contains a polyether residue derivable from propylene oxide and/or ethylene oxide.
20. The dispersion as claimed in claim 11 wherein n is not greater than 20.
21. The dispersion as claimed in claim 11 wherein T is the residue of an aliphatic alcohol T-OH, wherein T contains from 6 to 36 carbon atoms.
22. The dispersion as claimed in claim 11 wherein T is the residue of an aliphatic acid T-COOH, wherein T contains from 6 to 36 carbon atoms.