Provided herein are polyfarnesenes such as farnesene homopolymers derived from a farnesene and farnesene interpolymers derived from a farnesene and at least a vinyl monomer; and the processes of making and using the polyfarnesenes. The farnesene homopolymer can be prepared by polymerizing the farnesene in the presence of a catalyst. In some embodiments, the farnesene is prepared from a sugar by using a microorganism.
1. A polyfarnesene comprising one or more units having formula (I) and one or more units having formula (IV):
wherein R 1 has formula (XI):
and R 2 has formula (XII):
wherein each of m and k is an integer from 1 to 100,000; and wherein an amount of formula (I) is at most about 80 wt. %, based on a total weight of the polyfarnesene.
2. The polyfarnesene of claim 1 further comprising one or more units having formula (IX):
wherein p is an integer from 1 to 100,000; and each of R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 is independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, acyloxy, nitrile or halo.
3. The polyfarnesene of claim 2 , wherein the polyfarnesene is a random interpolymer.
4. The polyfarnesene of claim 2 , wherein R 5 is aryl; and each of R 6 , R 7 and R 8 is H.
5. The polyfarnesene of claim 4 , wherein R 5 is phenyl.
6. The polyfarnesene of claim 2 , wherein the polyfarnesene further comprises formula (II):
wherein n is an integer from 1 to 100,000.
7. The polyfarnesene of claim 6 , wherein the polyfarnesene further comprises formula (III):
wherein l is an integer from 1 to 100,000.
8. The polyfarnesene of claim 7 , wherein the polyfarnesene is a block interpolymer having one or more first blocks and one or more second blocks, wherein each of the one or more first blocks comprises the one or more units having formula (I), (II), (III), (IV) or a combination thereof and wherein each of the one or more second blocks comprises the unit having formula (IX).
9. The polyfarnesene of claim 8 , wherein the block interpolymer comprises one first block and two second blocks and wherein the first block is between the two second blocks.
10. The polyfarnesene of claim 1 , wherein the M n of the polyfarnesene is greater than about 100,000 daltons.
11. The polyfarnesene of claim 1 , wherein the polyfarnesene has at least one T g of less than about −55° C.
12. The polyfarnesene of claim 1 , wherein the polyfarnesene further comprises formula (II):
wherein n is an integer from 1 to 100,000.
13. The polyfarnesene of claim 12 , wherein the polyfarnesene further comprises formula (III):
wherein l is an integer from 1 to 100,000.
14. The polyfarnesene of claim 13 , wherein an amount of formula (III) is at least about 20 wt. %, based on a total weight of the polyfarnesene.
15. The polyfarnesene of claim 13 , wherein a sum of m, n and l is greater than about 300.
16. The polyfarnesene of claim 13 , wherein a sum of m, n and l is greater than about 500.
17. The polyfarnesene of claim 13 , wherein a sum of m, n and l is greater than about 1000.
18. A polyfarnesene prepared by polymerizing a β-farnesene in the presence of a catalyst, wherein an amount of a cis-1,4-microstructure in the polyfarnesene is at most about 80 wt. %, based on a total weight of the polyfarnesene.
19. The polyfarnesene of claim 18 , wherein the β-farnesene is copolymerized with a vinyl monomer to form a farnesene copolymer.
20. The polyfarnesene of claim 19 , wherein the vinyl monomer is styrene.
21. The polyfarnesene of claim 20 , wherein the polyfarnesene is a block copolymer.
22. The polyfarnesene of claim 18 , wherein the β-farnesene is prepared by a microorganism.
23. The polyfarnesene of claim 18 , wherein the β-farnesene is derived from a simple sugar.
24. The polyfarnesene of claim 18 , wherein the catalyst comprises an organolithium reagent.
25. The polyfarnesene of claim 24 , wherein the catalyst further comprises 1,2-bis(dimethylamino)ethane.
26. The polyfarnesene of claim 24 , wherein the organolithium reagent is n-butyl lithium or sec-butyl lithium.