Pre-charge of switched capacitor circuits with cascoded drivers
An apparatus for voltage conversion includes a switched capacitor circuit, a pre-charge circuit, a voltage divider stage, and a driver stage. The switched capacitor circuit has pump capacitors to transfer energy and a steady-state operating mode and a pre-charge mode. The pre-charge circuit initially charges the pump capacitors when the switched capacitor circuit operates in the pre-charge mode. It includes a voltage divider stage having one or more nodes, each of which provides voltage at one of a corresponding one or more voltage levels, and a driver stage having one or more cascoded drivers, each of which comprises a first terminal for receiving a drive signal that depends at least in part on a voltage level at a corresponding one of the nodes, and a second terminal for coupling to a pump capacitor and to another of the drivers.
1. An apparatus for voltage conversion, said apparatus comprising a switched capacitor circuit having pump capacitors, said switched capacitor circuit having a steady-state operating mode and a pre-charge mode, and a pre-charge circuit for initially charging said pump capacitors when said switched capacitor circuit operates in said pre-charge mode, said pre-charge circuit comprising a voltage divider stage having a first node and a second node, wherein said first node provides a voltage at a first level and said second node provides a voltage at a second level and a driver stage having one or more cascoded drivers, each of which comprises a first terminal for receiving a drive signal that depends at least in part on a voltage level at a corresponding one of said nodes, and a second terminal for coupling to a pump capacitor and to another of said drivers.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said voltage divider stage comprises a pair of adjacent resistors in series, and wherein said first node is defined by said pair of adjacent resistors in series.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said driver stage comprises a FET.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said driver stage comprises a BJT.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said drivers have different current ratings.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said switched capacitor circuit comprises a Dickson charge pump.
7. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein said drivers comprise pump switches used by said Dickson charge pump during steady-state operating mode.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said first terminal for receiving a drive signal is connected directly to a node.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising one or more amplifiers, each having an output connected to a first terminal of a corresponding one of said drivers, a first input connected to a corresponding one of said nodes, and a second input.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising one or more PMOS followers, each having a source terminal connected to a first terminal of a corresponding one of said drivers, and a gate terminal connected to a corresponding one of said nodes.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein during a first time interval, said voltage divider stage comprises nodes that define a first set of voltage levels, and during a second time interval, said voltage divider stage comprises nodes that define a second set of voltage levels.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , said voltage divider stage comprises one or more resistors in series for dividing a voltage into one or more levels, and a Zener diode in series with said series resistors.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , said voltage divider stage comprises one or more resistors in series for dividing a voltage into one or more levels, and at least one diode in series with said series resistors.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an additional switched capacitor circuit and an additional pre-charge circuit, that operate out of phase relative to said switched capacitor circuit and said pre-charge circuit, wherein said additional switched capacitor circuit comprises a switched capacitor circuit having pump capacitors, said switched capacitor circuit having a steady-state operating mode and a pre-charge mode, and wherein said additional pre-charge circuit comprises a voltage divider stage having a first node and a second node, wherein said first node provides a voltage at a first level and said second node provides a voltage at a second level, and a driver stage having one or more cascoded drivers, each of which comprises a first terminal for receiving a drive signal that depends at least in part on a voltage level at a corresponding one of said nodes, and a second terminal for coupling to a pump capacitor and to another of said drivers, wherein said switched capacitor circuit, said pre-charge circuit, said additional switched capacitor circuit, and said additional pre-charge circuit cooperate to deliver energy to a load.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an output capacitor connected to said driver stage to be charged during said pre-charge mode concurrently with charging said pump capacitors.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein said output capacitor is disposed such that a rate at which said capacitor charges changes in response to breakdown of a Zener diode in series with said series resistors.
17. An apparatus for providing a voltage, said apparatus comprising a pre-charging circuit, said pre-charging circuit comprising a first stage and a second stage, said first stage comprising at least a first node and a second node, wherein said first node provides a voltage at a first voltage level and said second node provides a voltage at a second voltage level, said second stage comprising a driver set comprising one or more cascoded drivers, wherein at least one driver from said driver set comprising one or more cascoded drivers comprises a first terminal and a second terminal, said first terminal being configured for receiving a drive signal that depends at least in part on a voltage level at a corresponding one of said nodes and said second terminal being configured for coupling to another driver from said set and to a capacitor in a circuit to be pre-charged.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 , further comprising a switched capacitor circuit having at least one capacitor, said at least one capacitor being coupled to said second terminal.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 , wherein said switched capacitor circuit comprises a Dickson charge pump.
20. The apparatus of claim 17 , further comprising a power converter having at least one capacitor, said at least one capacitor being coupled to said second terminal.
21. The apparatus of claim 17 , further comprising a multilevel buck converter having at least one capacitor, said at least one capacitor being coupled to said second terminal.
22. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein said first stage comprises one or more resistors in series, and wherein each of said nodes is defined by a pair of adjacent resistors.
23. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein said second stage comprises one or more transistors, each of which has a first terminal, a second terminal, and a third terminal, wherein said first terminal controls current between said second and third terminals, said second terminal being connected to a third terminal of another transistor and to a capacitor to be pre-charged.