Multi-round key encapsulation process
In a general aspect, a random seed value is used in a key encapsulation process to generate multiple ciphertexts for a recipient. The key encapsulation process includes multiple encapsulation rounds and each encapsulation round generates a respective ciphertext based on the random seed value and an additional value. The additional value includes an index indicating the encapsulation round. A symmetric key is generated based on the random seed value, and an encrypted message is generated based on the symmetric key. The ciphertexts and the encrypted message are provided for the recipient for transmission between nodes in a communication system.
1. A key encapsulation method, comprising:
obtaining a random seed value;
executing a key encapsulation process to generate multiple ciphertexts for a recipient, the key encapsulation process comprising multiple encapsulation rounds, each encapsulation round generating a respective ciphertext based on the random seed value and an additional value for the encapsulation round, the additional value comprising an index indicating the encapsulation round;
wherein each encapsulation round comprises:
applying an error vector derivation function to a combination of the random seed value and the additional value for the encapsulation round to produce an error vector, wherein applying the error vector derivation function comprises:
applying a pseudorandom function to the combination of the random seed value and the additional value to produce a pseudorandom function output;
applying a filter to the pseudorandom function output to produce a filtered pseudorandom function output oft integers; and
generating the error vector based on the filtered pseudorandom function output:
generating a plaintext value based on the random seed value and the error vector; and
using the plaintext value and the error vector in an encryption function to produce a ciphertext for the encapsulation round:
generating a symmetric key based on the random seed value;
generating an encrypted message based on the symmetric key; and
providing the ciphertexts for the recipient and the encrypted message for transmission between nodes in a communication system.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the encryption function comprises a McEliece encryption function, and wherein using the plaintext value and the error vector in the encryption function comprises using the error vector and a public key to encrypt the plaintext value according to a McEliece cryptosystem.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the error vector has a Hamming weight equal to t, and respective positions of the nonzero elements of the error vector are indicated by the filtered pseudorandom function output.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein generating the symmetric key based on the random seed value comprises applying a pseudorandom function to the random seed value to produce a pseudorandom function output that includes the symmetric key.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the pseudorandom function output comprises the symmetric key and a confirmation value, and the method comprises providing the confirmation value for transmission to the recipient.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein each encapsulation round generates a respective ciphertext based on the random seed value and the additional value for the encapsulation round, the additional value further comprising an identifier of the recipient.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the key encapsulation process generates multiple ciphertexts for each of multiple recipients, each recipient identified by a respective identifier;
the additional value for each encapsulation round comprises an index for the encapsulation round and an identifier for one of the multiple recipients; and
the method comprises providing the encrypted message and the multiple ciphertexts for each respective recipient for transmission to the respective recipient.
8. A computing system, comprising:
one or more processors; and
memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, perform operations comprising:
obtaining a random seed value;
executing a key encapsulation process to generate multiple ciphertexts for a recipient, the key encapsulation process comprising multiple encapsulation rounds, each encapsulation round generating a respective ciphertext based on the random seed value and an additional value, the additional value comprising an index indicating the encapsulation round;
wherein each encapsulation round comprises:
applying an error vector derivation function to a combination of the random seed value and the additional value for the encapsulation round to produce an error vector, wherein applying the error vector derivation function comprises:
applying a pseudorandom function to the combination of the random seed value and the additional value to produce a pseudorandom function output;
applying a filter to the pseudorandom function output to produce a filtered pseudorandom function output of t integers; and
generating the error vector based on the filtered pseudorandom function output;
generating a plaintext value based on the random seed value and the error vector; and
using the plaintext value and the error vector in an encryption function to produce a ciphertext for the encapsulation round:
generating a symmetric key based on the random seed value;
generating an encrypted message based on the symmetric key; and
providing the ciphertexts for the recipient and the encrypted message for transmission between nodes in a communication system.
9. The computing system of claim 8 , wherein generating the symmetric key based on the random seed value comprises applying a pseudorandom function to the random seed value to produce a pseudorandom function output that includes the symmetric key.
10. The computing system of claim 8 , wherein each encapsulation round generates a respective ciphertext based on the random seed value and the additional value for the encapsulation round, the additional value further comprising an identifier of the recipient.
11. The computing system of claim 8 , wherein:
the key encapsulation process generates multiple ciphertexts for each of multiple recipients, each recipient identified by a respective identifier;
the additional value for each encapsulation round comprises an index for the encapsulation round and an identifier for one of the multiple recipients; and
the operations comprise providing the multiple ciphertexts for each respective recipient and the encrypted message for transmission to the respective recipient.
12. The computing system of claim 8 , wherein the encryption function comprises a McEliece encryption function, and wherein using the plaintext value and the error vector in the encryption function comprises using the error vector and a public key to encrypt the plaintext value according to a McEliece cryptosystem.
13. The computing system of claim 8 , wherein the error vector has a Hamming weight equal to t, and respective positions of the nonzero elements of the error vector are indicated by the filtered pseudorandom function output.
14. The computing system of claim 9 , wherein the pseudorandom function output comprises the symmetric key and a confirmation value, and the operations comprise providing the confirmation value for transmission to the recipient.
15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that when executed by data processing apparatus perform operations comprising:
obtaining a random seed value;
executing a key encapsulation process to generate multiple ciphertexts for a recipient, the key encapsulation process comprising multiple encapsulation rounds, each encapsulation round generating a respective ciphertext based on the random seed value and an additional value for the encapsulation round, the additional value comprising an index indicating the encapsulation round;
wherein each encapsulation round comprises:
applying an error vector derivation function to a combination of the random seed value and the additional value for the encapsulation round to produce an error vector, wherein applying the error vector derivation function comprises:
applying a pseudorandom function to the combination of the random seed value and the additional value to produce a pseudorandom function output;
applying a filter to the pseudorandom function output to produce a filtered pseudorandom function output of t integers; and generating the error vector based on the filtered pseudorandom function output; generating a plaintext value based on the random seed value and the error vector; and
using the plaintext value and the error vector in an encryption function to produce a ciphertext for the encapsulation round;
generating a symmetric key based on the random seed value;
generating an encrypted message based on the symmetric key; and
providing the ciphertexts for the recipient and the encrypted message for transmission between nodes in a communication system.
16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the encryption function comprises a McEliece encryption function, and wherein using the plaintext value and the error vector in the encryption function comprises using the error vector and a public key to encrypt the plaintext value according to a McEliece cryptosystem.
17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the error vector has a Hamming weight equal to t, and respective positions of the nonzero elements of the error vector are indicated by the filtered pseudorandom function output.
18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 , wherein generating the symmetric key based on the random seed value comprises applying a pseudorandom function to the random seed value to produce a pseudorandom function output that includes the symmetric key.
19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 18 , wherein the pseudorandom function output comprises the symmetric key and a confirmation value, and the operations comprise providing the confirmation value for transmission to the recipient.
20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 , wherein each encapsulation round generates a respective ciphertext based on the random seed value and the additional value for the encapsulation round, the additional value further comprising an identifier of the recipient.
21. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15 , wherein:
the key encapsulation process generates multiple ciphertexts for each of multiple recipients, each recipient identified by a respective identifier;
the additional value for each encapsulation round comprises an index for the encapsulation round and an identifier for one of the multiple recipients; and
the operations comprise providing the encrypted message and the multiple ciphertexts for each respective recipient for transmission to the respective recipient.