Ion-exchange membrane with multi-layered support substrate
An ion-exchange membrane is disclosed here including ion-permeable layers impregnated with an ion-exchange material and arranged in an order from one face of the membrane to the opposite face of the membrane such that opposing layers in the supporting membrane substrate provide sufficiently identical physical properties to substantially avoid irregular expansion when in a salt solution. The ion-permeable layers including at least one non-woven layer and at least one reinforcing layer.
1. An ion-exchange membrane comprising:
a supporting substrate comprising at least three ion-permeable layers disposed in a symmetrical order from one face of the membrane to the opposite face of the membrane; and
an ion-exchange material;
wherein the ion-permeable layers are impregnated with the ion-exchange material and comprise:
at least one non-woven fabric layer; and at least one non-woven reinforcing layer,
wherein the at least one non-woven fabric layer is different from the at least one non-woven reinforcing layer.
2. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the supporting substrate comprises a plurality of non-woven layers and the plurality of non-woven layers all have substantially the same density or substantially the same tensile strength.
3. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the ion-exchange membrane comprises one non-woven reinforcing layer sandwiched between two non-woven fabric layers.
4. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the supporting substrate comprises a plurality of non-woven reinforcing layers and the plurality of non-woven reinforcing layers all have substantially the same density or substantially the same tensile strength.
5. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the ion-exchange membrane comprises one non-woven fabric layer sandwiched between two non-woven reinforcing layers.
6. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the ion-exchange material is a cation-exchange polymer comprising sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, or salts thereof.
7. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 6 , wherein the cation-exchange polymer is a polymer formed from the polymerization with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate, potassium 3-sulfopropyl acrylate, sodium methallyl sulfonate, sodium vinyl sulfonate, sodium 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate, lithium 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate, acrylic acid, 2-ethylacrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2-propylacrylic acid, sodium acrylate, sodium methacrylate, ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate, vinylphosphonic acid, or bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate.
8. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the ion-exchange material is an anion-exchange polymer comprising quaternary ammonium groups, imidazolium groups, or pyridinium groups.
9. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 8 , wherein the anion-exchange polymer is a polymer formed from the polymerization with N-trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chloride (TMAEMC), [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride, [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride, (3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride, [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl] trimethylammonium chloride, diallyldimethylammonium chloride, (vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride, 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide, or 4-vinylpyridinium tribromide.
10. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the at least three ion-permeable layers are all made of the same chemical material.
11. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-woven fabric layer is a non-woven fabric sheet of: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, or polyamide.
12. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein adjacent ion-permeable layers are bonded together.
13. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the supporting substrate has a thickness of less than 0.5 mm.
14. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the supporting substrate has a thickness of about 0.15 mm to about 0.35 mm.
15. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the supporting substrate has an air permeability of at least 0.5 cc/cm2/s.
16. An electrolytic cell stack comprising a plurality of ion-exchange membranes according to claim 1 .
17. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-woven reinforcing layer is a spunbond layer and the at least one non-woven fabric layer is a meltblown layer.
18. An ion-exchange membrane comprising:
an ion-exchange material; and
a supporting membrane substrate impregnated with the ion-exchange material, the supporting substrate comprising non-woven ion-permeable layers that are bonded together in an order such that the density of the supporting substrate at a given point in the cross-section of the supporting substrate is substantially the same as the density of the supporting substrate at an opposite point in the cross-section of the supporting substrate.
19. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 18 , wherein:
the non-woven ion-permeable layers are distinct layers, and the supporting substrate includes a first ion-permeable non-woven layer having a first density bonded on one side to a second ion-permeable non-woven layer having a second density and bonded on the opposite side to a third ion-permeable non-woven layer having a third density that is substantially the same as the second density.
20. The ion-exchange membrane according to claim 18 , wherein the non-woven ion-permeable layers comprise at least one spunbond layer and at least one meltblown layer.
21. A method comprising:
saturating or impregnating a supporting membrane substrate comprising at least three ion-permeable layers disposed in a symmetrical order from one face of the membrane to the opposite face of the membrane with a solution comprising an anionic or cationic monomer and a crosslinker; and
polymerizing the monomer and crosslinker;
wherein the ion-permeable layers comprise:
at least one non-woven fabric layer; and
at least one non-woven reinforcing layer,
wherein the at least one non-woven fabric layer is different from the at least one non-woven reinforcing layer.
22. The method according to claim 21 , wherein the at least one non-woven reinforcing layer is a spunbond layer and the at least one non-woven fabric layer is a meltblown layer.
23. A method comprising:
saturating or impregnating a supporting membrane substrate comprising at least three non-woven ion-permeable layers that are bonded together with a solution comprising an anionic or cationic monomer and a crosslinker; and
polymerizing the monomer and crosslinker;
wherein the density of the supporting substrate at a given point in the cross-section of the supporting substrate is substantially the same as the density of the supporting substrate at an opposite point in the cross-section of the supporting substrate.
24. The method according to claim 23 , wherein the at least three non-woven ion-permeable layers comprise at least one spunbond layer and at least one meltblown layer.