Thermally assisted negative electron affinity photocathode
A novel photocathode employing a conduction band barrier is described. Incorporation of a barrier optimizes a trade-off between photoelectron transport efficiency and photoelectron escape probability. The barrier energy is designed to achieve a net increase in photocathode sensitivity over a specific operational temperature range.
1. A passive, single electrical potential p-type semiconductor photocathode, comprising:
an optical window;
an optical absorber abutting the optical window;
a thermionic barrier layer abutting the optical absorber;
wherein the thermionic barrier layer has a conduction band barrier comprising a barrier in conduction band energy sufficient in barrier height and barrier thickness so that transmission of photoelectrons across the barrier in conduction band energy is dominated by thermally excited electrons with sufficient energy to exceed the barrier height as opposed to tunneling through the barrier in conduction band energy.
2. A photocathode in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the optical absorber is comprised of GaAs.
3. A photocathode in accordance with claim 2 , wherein the thermionic barrier layer is comprised of AlGaAs.
4. A photocathode in accordance with claim 3 where the thermionic barrier layer AlGaAs contains an Al/(Al+Ga) atomic percentage of between 0.1% and 4% Al.
5. A photocathode in accordance with claim 4 where the thermionic barrier layer AlGaAs contains an Al/(Al+Ga) atomic percentage of approximately 1.5% Al.
6. A photocathode in accordance with claim 1 , further comprising a surface chemistry specification layer abutting the thermionic barrier layer.
7. A photocathode in accordance with claim 6 , where the surface chemistry specification layer is comprised of GaAs.
8. A photocathode in accordance with claim 7 where the thermionic barrier layer is comprised of AlGaAs.
9. A photocathode in accordance with claim 8 where the thermionic barrier layer AlGaAs contains an Al/(Al+Ga) atomic percentage of between 0.1% and 4% Al.
10. A photocathode in accordance with claim 9 where the thermionic barrier layer AlGaAs contains an Al/(Al+Ga) atomic percentage of approximately 1.5% Al.
11. A photocathode in accordance with claim 6 , where the surface chemistry specification layer comprises an emission surface facing vacuum.
12. A photocathode in accordance with claim 6 where the surface chemistry specification layer thickness lies in the range of from one atomic layer to 30 nm.
13. A photocathode in accordance with claim 12 where the surface chemistry specification layer is comprised of GaAs.
14. A low-light sensor, comprising:
a vacuum enclosure;
a passive, single electrical potential p-type semiconductor photocathode positioned within the vacuum enclosure;
an electron receiving surface within the vacuum enclosure and facing the photocathode;
wherein the photocathode comprises:
an optical window;
an optical absorber abutting the optical window; and
a thermionic barrier layer abutting the optical absorber;
wherein the thermionic barrier layer has a conduction band barrier comprising a barrier in conduction band energy sufficient in barrier height and barrier thickness so that transmission of photoelectrons across the barrier in conduction band energy is dominated by thermally excited electrons with sufficient energy to exceed the barrier height as opposed to tunneling through the barrier in conduction band energy.
15. The low light sensor of claim 14 , wherein the electron receiving surface comprises an electron sensitive CMOS image sensor.
16. The low light sensor of claim 14 , wherein the electron receiving surface comprises an electron sensitive CCD image sensor.
17. The low light sensor of claim 14 , wherein the electron receiving surface comprises a surface of a microchannel plate.
18. The low light sensor of claim 14 , further comprising a microchannel plate electron receiving surface facing the photocathode with output of the microchannel plate facing a thin conductive layer overlaid on a phosphor layer on an output window.
19. The low light sensor of claim 14 , further comprising a microchannel plate electron receiving surface facing the photocathode with output of one or more stacked microchannel plates facing a thin conductive layer.