Graphene-based non-destructive inspection device and related method
Non-destructive inspection device, comprising: a first structural layer; a second structural layer coupled to the first structural layer; a chamber sealed between the first and second structural layers, containing a gas; and an active region, housed in the chamber, of a Graphene-based material. In a first operating condition, an AC electric current is fed to the active region and generates by thermoacoustic effect a first acoustic wave propagating away from the chamber. In a second operating condition, a second acoustic wave, generated by a reflection of the first acoustic wave, is received at the chamber and causes a variation in pressure and, consequently, a variation in the temperature of the gas contained in the chamber generating, by means of the thermoelectric effect, an electrical signal in the active region.
1. A non-destructive inspection device ( 30 ) for detecting flaws in a body in composite material ( 20 ), comprising:
a first structural layer ( 2 ), having a first and a second surface ( 2 a , 2 b ) opposite each other;
a second structural layer ( 10 ) mechanically coupled to the first surface ( 2 a ) of the first structural layer ( 2 );
a sealed chamber ( 14 ), extending between the first and the second structural layer, containing a gas; and
an active region ( 6 ), housed in the chamber ( 14 ), having a first and a second conduction terminal ( 7 , 4 a , 4 b ), and being made of one of the following materials: partially reduced graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene,
wherein said first and second conduction terminals ( 7 , 4 a , 4 b ) can be polarized, in a first operating condition, by an AC electric current so as to cause a thermoacoustic generation, by the active region ( 6 ), of a first acoustic wave (W E ) propagating away from the chamber ( 14 );
wherein said chamber ( 14 ) is configured to receive, in a second operating condition, a second acoustic wave generated by a reflection of the first acoustic wave;
wherein said active region ( 6 ) is configured to generate, in the second operating condition and by a thermoelectric effect, an electrical signal (i R ) between the first and second conduction terminals of the active region ( 6 );
wherein the second structural layer ( 10 ) is an integral part of said body ( 20 ), the body being formed by a plurality of superposed layers of composite material bonded together by resin;
and wherein both the first and the second structural layers ( 2 , 10 ) are made of the same composite material as said body ( 20 ).
2. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the second structural layer ( 10 ) is mechanically coupled to said body made of composite material ( 20 ),
wherein, said chamber ( 14 ) and said active region ( 6 ) are mutually arranged in such a way that, in the first operating condition, the first acoustic wave propagates towards the body in composite material ( 20 ),
and wherein, in the second operating condition, the second acoustic wave, generated by the reflection of the first acoustic wave in the presence of a defect in the body in composite material ( 20 ), is received by said chamber ( 14 );
and wherein said chamber ( 14 ) and said active region ( 6 ) are mutually arranged in such a way that a pressure variation and, consequently, a temperature variation, in the gas contained in the chamber ( 14 ) generates, due to the thermoelectric effect, said electrical signal (ix) indicative of the presence of said defect.
3. The device according to claim 2 , wherein said composite material includes carbon fibre in a resin matrix.
4. The device according to claim 1 , wherein said active region ( 6 ) has a heat capacity per unit area, HCPUA, ranging from 10 −1 and 10 −2 J m −2 K −1 .
5. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the gas present in the chamber ( 14 ) is air or a noble gas.
6. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the first and the second conduction terminals ( 7 , 4 a , 4 b ) are made of partially reduced graphene oxide.
7. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the active region ( 6 ) and the first and the second conduction terminal ( 7 , 4 a , 4 b ) extend, without interruption, in the same layer of partially reduced graphene oxide, and wherein an electric resistivity value of the active region ( 6 ) is lower than an electric resistivity value of the first and the second conduction terminals ( 7 , 4 a , 4 b ).
8. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the chamber ( 14 ) defines a volume having a base surface ranging from 1 cm 2 to 100 cm 2 and a height ranging from 0.1 mm to 10 mm.
9. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the chamber ( 14 ) is delimited internally by the respective surfaces of the first layer ( 2 ) and the second layer ( 10 ), said active region ( 6 ) extending on the first surface ( 2 a ) of the first layer ( 2 ) at a distance from the respective surface of the second layer ( 10 ).
10. The device as claimed in claim 1 , comprising:
a voltage generator ( 8 ) coupled to the first and second conduction terminals of the active region ( 6 ), operable to generate, in the first operating condition, an AC electric current between the first and second conduction terminals of the active region ( 6 ) so as to produce, by means of the thermoacoustic effect, said first acoustic wave (W E ); and
a current detector ( 9 ) coupled to the first and second conduction terminals of the active region ( 6 ), configured to detect, in the second operating condition, temporally following the first operating condition, said electrical signal (i R ) between the first and second conduction terminals of the active region ( 6 ) and to generate and output a signal proportional to said electrical signal (i R ).
11. An avionic structure provided with the body ( 20 ) in composite material, integrating the non-destructive inspection device ( 30 ) according to claim 1 , wherein the second structural layer ( 10 ) of the non-destructive inspection device ( 30 ) is mechanically coupled to said body in composite material ( 20 ).
12. The avionic structure according to claim 11 , wherein the second structural layer ( 10 ) and the body ( 20 ) extend one on the other without interruptions or regions of discontinuity.
13. The structure according to claim 11 , selected from the group comprising: wing structure, fuselage, fin, rudder.
14. A means of transport comprising a structure according to claim 11 .
15. The means of transport according to claim 14 , selected from the group comprising: an aircraft, a helicopter, an unmanned aerial vehicle or UAV, terrestrial vehicles, naval vessels.
16. A method of manufacturing a non-destructive inspection device ( 30 ) for detecting flaws in a body in composite material ( 20 ), comprising the steps of:
arranging a first structural layer ( 2 ), having a first and a second surface ( 2 a , 2 b ) opposite each other;
forming an active region ( 6 ) on the first surface ( 2 a ) of the first structural layer ( 2 ), the active region ( 6 ) having a first and a second conduction terminal ( 7 , 4 a , 4 b ), and being made of one of the following materials: partially reduced graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene;
mechanically coupling a second structural layer ( 10 ) to the first surface ( 2 a ) of the first layer ( 2 ) so as to form a sealed chamber ( 14 ), containing a gas, between the first and the second structural layer in an area of said active region ( 6 );
wherein the second structural layer ( 10 ) is formed an integral part of said body ( 20 ), the body being formed by a plurality of superposed layers of composite material bonded together by resin;
and wherein both the first and the second structural layers ( 2 , 10 ) are made of the same composite material as said body ( 20 ).
17. The manufacturing method according to claim 16 , further comprising the step of mechanically coupling the second structural layer ( 10 ) to said body made of composite material ( 20 ) to be inspected.
18. The manufacturing method according to claim 17 , wherein said composite material includes carbon fibre in a resin matrix.
19. The manufacturing method according to claim 16 , wherein said active region ( 6 ) has a heat capacity per unit area, HCPUA, ranging from 10 −1 to 10 −2 J m −2 K −1 .
20. The manufacturing method according to claim 16 , wherein the gas present in the chamber ( 14 ) is air or a noble gas.
21. The manufacturing method according to claim 16 , wherein the step of forming the chamber ( 14 ) comprises forming locally an evaporating layer between the first and the second structural layer; and
carrying out a heat treatment which causes evaporation of the evaporating layer, thus forming a buried region of gas which defines said chamber ( 14 ).
22. The manufacturing method according to claim 16 , wherein the step of forming the chamber ( 14 ) comprises forming a depression in a selective region of the second structural layer ( 10 ) prior to the step of coupling the second structural layer ( 10 ) to the first surface ( 2 a ) of the first layer ( 2 ).
23. The manufacturing method according to claim 16 , wherein forming the active region ( 6 ) includes:
carrying out a first operation for reducing a layer of graphene oxide, forming partially reduced graphene oxide in selective regions of the layer of graphene oxide in which formation of the active region ( 6 ) and the first and the second conduction terminal ( 7 , 4 a , 4 b ) is desired; and
carrying out a second reduction operation in selective regions of the layer of graphene oxide in which formation exclusively of the active region ( 6 ) is desired, so that an electric resistivity value of the active region ( 6 ) is lower than an electric resistivity value of the first and second conduction terminals ( 7 , 4 a , 4 b ).
24. A non-destructive inspection method, comprising the steps of:
generating by the thermoacoustic effect, in a first operating condition, by means of the non-destructive inspection device ( 30 ) according to claim 1 , a first acoustic wave propagating away from the non-destructive inspection device ( 30 );
receiving, in a second operating condition, by means of the non-destructive inspection device ( 30 ) according to claim 1 , a second acoustic wave generated by reflection of the first acoustic wave; and
generating, by thermoelectric effect, by means of the non-destructive inspection device ( 30 ) according to claim 1 , an electric signal indicative of the second acoustic wave.
25. The method of operation according to claim 24 , wherein the step of generating the first acoustic wave includes supplying an AC electric current between the first and the second conduction terminal of the active region ( 6 ) of the non-destructive inspection device ( 30 ),
and wherein the step of generating an electric signal indicative of the second acoustic wave includes causing a pressure variation and, consequently, a temperature variation, of the gas contained in the chamber ( 14 ) of the non-destructive inspection device ( 30 ).