Detection of co-occurring receptor-coding nucleic acid segments
Methods for identifying co-occurrence of nucleic acid segments in a nucleic acid sample from a specimen including obtaining a nucleic acid sample from a specimen, determining sequences of first and second nucleic acid segments in nucleic acid fragments of the sample to generate a first and second sets of sequences, generating a first and second sets of probes from the first and second sets of sequences, exposing a detection sample to a member of the first set of probes and a member of the second set of probes, performing a hybridization analysis to determine whether the members of the first and second sets of probes hybridize to the detection sample, and determining whether the first and second nucleic acid segments co-occur in a common cell of the specimen.
1. A method for identifying co-occurrence of nucleic acid segments in a nucleic acid sample from a specimen, the method comprising:
obtaining a nucleic acid sample from a specimen, wherein the nucleic acid sample comprises a plurality of nucleic acid fragments that code for an antigen receptor molecule in the specimen;
determining sequences of first and second nucleic acid segments in the nucleic acid fragments of the sample to generate a first set of sequences corresponding to the first nucleic acid segment and a second set of sequences corresponding to the second nucleic acid in the sample;
generating a first set of probes from the first set of sequences, wherein each member of the first set of probes comprises an oligonucleotide corresponding to a different one of the first set of sequences linked to a detection moiety;
generating a second set of probes from the second set of sequences, wherein each member of the second set of probes comprises an oligonucleotide corresponding to a different one of the second set of sequences linked to a detection moiety;
exposing a detection sample obtained from the specimen to a member of the first set of probes and a member of the second set of probes;
performing a hybridization analysis to determine whether the member of the first set of probes hybridizes to the detection sample, and to determine whether the member of the second set of probes hybridizes to the detection sample; and
determining whether the first and second nucleic acid segments co-occur in a same cell of the specimen.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first nucleic acid segment is associated with an α-chain of a T-cell antigen receptor molecule, and wherein the second nucleic acid segment is associated with a β-chain of the T-cell antigen receptor molecule.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first nucleic acid segment is associated with a heavy chain of a B-cell antigen receptor molecule, and wherein the second nucleic acid segment is associated with a light chain of the B-cell antigen receptor molecule.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first and second nucleic acid segments are located in a complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) portion of the nucleic acid fragments.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid sample comprises one member selected from the group consisting of genomic DNA and total RNA.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid sample comprises nucleic acid molecules from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein obtaining the nucleic acid sample from the specimen comprises:
fixing and embedding the specimen in paraffin;
excising a portion of the specimen; and
extracting the nucleic acid sample from the excised portion of the specimen.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first set of sequences comprises N different sequences, and wherein generating the first set of probes comprises:
for each sequence of M of the different sequences that are expressed in highest abundance in the nucleic acid sample, generating a population of oligonucleotides corresponding to the sequence; and
linking each member of the population of oligonucleotides to a detection moiety.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein M is 48 or less.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the oligonucleotides of the population comprise DNA sequences that are complementary to the M different sequences.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the oligonucleotides of the population comprise RNA sequences that are complementary to RNA transcript sequences corresponding to the M different sequences.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the oligonucleotides of the population comprise peptide nucleic acids.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the detection moiety comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of biotin and derivatives thereof, or a hapten.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the detection moiety comprises a fluorescent moiety.
15. The method of claim 8 , wherein the detection moiety comprises at least one chelated metal ion.
16. The method of claim 8 , wherein the detection moiety comprises a molecular barcode comprising an oligonucleotide, and wherein each member of the population is linked to a common detection moiety comprising the same molecular barcode.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein among the populations of nucleotides corresponding to the M different sequences, the common detection moiety is unique to one population of oligonucleotides corresponding to only one of the M different sequences.
18. The method of claim 8 , wherein the detection moiety comprises a reactive moiety that reacts with an agent to generate chemiluminescence.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the detection sample comprises a formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue section.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the detection sample comprises a remaining portion of the specimen following extraction of a portion of the specimen to obtain the nucleic acid sample.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the detection sample comprises a smear of white blood cells comprising peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the detection sample to the members of the first and second sets of probes comprises:
contacting the detection sample with a composition comprising all members of the first and second sets of probes; and
removing members of the first and second sets of probes that do not hybridize to the detection sample from contact with the detection sample.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein:
the first set of probes comprises J different types of probes, each of the J different types of probes corresponding to one of the first set of sequences;
the second set of probes comprises K different types of probes, each of the K different types of probes corresponding to one of the second set of sequences;
each member of the first and second sets of probes corresponds to only one of the J different types of probes or to only one of the K different types of probes;
each member of the first and second sets of probes comprises a detection moiety comprising a molecular barcode that is unique to only one type of probe among the J and K different types of probes; and
the molecular barcode comprises an oligonucleotide.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein performing the hybridization analysis comprises:
(a) exposing the detection sample to a set of detection probes, each member of the set of detection probes comprising an oligonucleotide sequence that hybridizes to a single type of molecular barcode, and a fluorescent moiety linked to the oligonucleotide sequence;
(b) detecting fluorescence emission from members of the set of detection probes hybridized to molecular barcodes in the detection sample;
(c) removing from the detection sample the detection probes that are hybridized to molecular barcodes in the sample; and
(d) repeating steps (a)-(c) with additional sets of detection probes.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the first set of probes comprises J different types of probes, each of the J different types of probes corresponding to one of the first set of sequences;
the second set of probes comprises K different types of probes, each of the K different types of probes corresponding to one of the second set of sequences; and
exposing the detection sample to the members of the first and second sets of probes comprises contacting the detection sample with a composition comprising one of the J different types of probes and one of the K different types of probes, and removing from contact with the detection sample any probes of the composition that do not hybridize to the detection sample.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein performing the hybridization analysis comprises detecting the detection moiety linked to the one of the J different types of probes and detecting the detection moiety linked to the one of the K different types of probes.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the detection moiety linked to the one of the J different types of probes comprises biotin or a derivative thereof, and wherein detecting the detection moiety comprises:
binding the detection moiety to a detection probe, the detection probe comprising a moiety that binds to biotin or a derivative thereof and a fluorescent moiety; and
detecting fluorescence emission from the fluorescent moiety following binding of the detection moiety to the detection probe.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the moiety that binds to biotin or a derivative thereof comprises at least one of avidin and streptavidin.
29. The method of claim 26 , wherein the detection moiety linked to the one of the J different types of probes comprises a hapten, and wherein detecting the detection moiety comprises:
binding the detection moiety to a detection probe, the detection probe comprising a moiety that binds to the hapten and a fluorescent moiety; and
detecting fluorescence emission from the fluorescent moiety following binding of the detection moiety to the detection probe.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the moiety that binds to the hapten comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of a protein, a polypeptide, a polysaccharide, or a liposome.
31. The method of claim 26 , wherein the detection moiety linked to the one of the J different types of probes comprises a fluorescent moiety, and wherein detecting the detection moiety comprises detecting fluorescence emission from the fluorescent moiety.
32. The method of claim 26 , wherein the detection moiety linked to the one of the J different types of probes comprises at least one chelated metal ion, and wherein detecting the detection moiety comprises:
liberating the chelated metal ion from the detection moiety; and
detecting the liberated metal ion by mass spectrometry.
33. The method of claim 26 , wherein the detection moiety linked to the one of the J different types of probes comprises a reactive group, and wherein detecting the detection moiety comprises:
exposing the reactive group to an agent that reacts with the reactive group to generate chemiluminescence emission; and
detecting the chemiluminescence emission following the reaction.