Cellulose-based composites and methods of making the same
Disclosed herein are a cellulose particle and a binder, where the cellulose particle has a cellulose core and a surface group, and the binder interacts with the surface group to form a composite.
1. A composition lacking polylactic acid and comprising a cellulose particle and a binder, wherein:
the cellulose particle comprises a cellulose core and a surface group, and
the binder interacts with the surface group to form a composite.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the cellulose core comprises at least one of a cellulose crystal or a cellulose fibril.
3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the cellulose crystal has a characteristic length between about 100 nm and 1000 nm.
4. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the cellulose fibril has a characteristic length between about 1 μm and 100 μm.
5. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the cellulose fibril has a characteristic width between about 3 nm and 500 nm.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the surface group is positively charged, negatively charged, neutral, or a combination thereof.
7. The composition of claim 6 , wherein the surface group is positively charged and comprises at least one of an ammonium group, a trimethyl ammonium group, a triethyl ammonium group, or a carbocation.
8. The composition of claim 6 , wherein the surface group is negatively charged and comprises at least one of a carboxylate group, a nitrate group, a sulfate group, a phosphate group, or a silicate group.
9. The composition of claim 6 , wherein the surface group is neutral and comprises at least one of a carboxyl group, a methoxy group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a phenyl group, a carbonyl group, an aldehyde group, an azide group, an isonitrile group, or a halogen group.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composite is in the form of at least one of a film, a gel, a foam, or a bulk composite.
11. The composition of claim 9 , wherein the composition is a film having a thickness between 100 nm and 2 mm.
12. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the binder comprises a sugar.
13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the binder is derived from pyrolysis of biomass.
14. The composition of claim 13 , wherein the binder is isolated from an aqueous phase of an aqueous extraction of a bio-oil derived from the pyrolysis of biomass.
15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the binder comprises cyclopentenone.
16. The composition of claim 15 , wherein the binder is derived from pyrolysis of biomass.
17. The composition of claim 16 , wherein the binder is isolated from an aqueous phase of an aqueous extraction of a bio-oil derived from the pyrolysis of biomass.
18. A composition comprising a cellulose particle and a binder, wherein:
the cellulose particle comprises a cellulose core and a surface group wherein the surface group is positively charged, negatively charged, neutral or a combination thereof and wherein a neutral surface group comprises at least one of a carboxyl group, a methoxy group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a phenyl group, a carbonyl group, an aldehyde group, an azide group, an isonitrile group, or a halogen group, and wherein the binder interacts with the surface group to form a composite.