IP Library Granted Patent US 12,698,291
Granted Patent B2
US 12,698,291 · App. 18/612,147 · Granted Aug 4, 2026

PIKfyve kinase inhibitors

Inventors: Martin Smrcina (Oro Valley, AZ); Ronghua Li (Oro Valley, AZ); Anil Nair (Oro Valley, AZ); Paul August (Oro Valley, AZ); Kirsten Bjergarde (Oro Valley, AZ)
Assignee: ACURASTEM INCORPORATED
C07D491/048C07D405/14C07D413/14
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,698,291
App. No.
18/612,147
Filed
Mar 21, 2024
Granted
Aug 4, 2026
Kind
B2
Art Unit
1626
USPC
514/211.15
Abstract

The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I) (shown below) useful as inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase (PIKfyve) as well as their use for treating diseases and disorders associated with PIKfyve.

Claims (46)

1 . A compound of the formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

R 1 is hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;

R 2 is substituted phenyl;

R 3 is selected from:

Ring A is (i) 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl having at least one nitrogen or oxygen ring atom, or (ii) phenyl;

L 1 is absent, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —NHC(O)—, or —C(O)NH—;

L 2 is —O—(CR a R b ) m —, NR c —(CR a R b ) m —, or —S—(CR a R b ) m —;

X 1 is CH, N, or CR c ;

each occurrence of R a and R b are independently hydrogen, hydroxy, hydroxy(C 1-4 )alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, halogen, nitro, —OR d , —SR d , —NR d R e , —C(O)R d , —C(S)R d , —OC(O)R d , —SC(O)R d , OC(S)R d , SC(S)R d , —NR c C(O)R d , —NR c C(S)R d , —SO 2 R c , —S(O)R c , —NR c SO 2 R d , —OS(O) 2 R d , —OP(O)R d R e , or —P(O)R d R e ;

R c is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl;

each occurrence of R d and R e are independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;

m is 1-4; and

p is 1.

2 . The compound of claim 1 , wherein R 3 is selected from

3 . The compound of claim 1 , wherein ring A is 5-membered heteroaryl having at least one nitrogen ring atom.

4 . The compound of claim 1 , wherein ring A is selected from

5 . The compound of claim 1 , wherein ring A is selected from

6 . The compound of claim 1 , wherein L 1 is absent.

7 . The compound of claim 1 , wherein L 2 is —OCH 2 CH 2 —, —OCH 2 —, or —OCH 2 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 —.

8 . The compound of claim 1 , wherein the moiety

is selected from,

9 . A compound of the formula (II)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

R 1 is hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;

R 2 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;

R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclyl;

Ring A is 5-membered heteroaryl having at least one nitrogen ring atom;

L 2 is —O—(CR a R b ) m —;

each occurrence of R a and R b are independently hydrogen, hydroxy, or hydroxy(C 1-4 )alkyl; and

m is 1-4.

10 . The compound of claim 9 , wherein R 3 is selected from

11 . The compound of claim 10 , wherein R 3 is

12 . The compound of claim 9 , wherein ring A is selected from

13 . A compound selected from

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

14 . The compound of claim 13 , wherein the compound is selected from

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

15 . The compound of claim 14 , wherein the compound is

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

16 . The compound of claim 14 , wherein the compound is

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

17 . The compound of claim 14 , wherein the compound is

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

18 . The compound of claim 14 , wherein the compound is

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Mar 13, 2025
From: SMRCINA, MARTIN; LI, RONGHUA; NAIR, ANIL; AUGUST, PAUL; BJERGARDE, KIRSTEN
To: ACURASTEM INCORPORATED
Reel/Frame 070507/0442 →
Continuity (3)
Continuation 16641159 · Aug 28, 2018
Provisional Application 62551047 · Aug 28, 2017
Related Publication 20240352026A1 · Oct 24, 2024
References Cited (149)
US 2309663A · Oldham et al. · 1943 [cited by applicant]
US 3687808A · Thomas, Jr. et al. · 1972 [cited by applicant]
US 6268490B1 · Imanishi et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6525191B1 · Ramasamy · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6660733B2 · Sun et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6670461B1 · Wengel et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6770748B2 · Imanishi et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6794499B2 · Wengel et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6858606B2 · Sun et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 7034133B2 · Wengel et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7053207B2 · Wengel · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7547684B2 · Seth et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7572582B2 · Wengel et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7666854B2 · Seth et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7750131B2 · Seth et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 8030467B2 · Seth et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8034909B2 · Wengel et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8080644B2 · Wengel et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8088746B2 · Seth et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8153365B2 · Wengel et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8236795B2 · Sun · 2012 [cited by examiner]
US 8268980B2 · Seth et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8501805B2 · Seth et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8530640B2 · Seth et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8546556B2 · Seth et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US RE44779E · Imanishi et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 9012421B2 · Migawa et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9234885B2 · Chandran et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 10729694B2 · Lichenstein et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 12104159B2 · Chang et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20030104410A1 · Mittmann · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20050026164A1 · Zhou · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050038023A1 · Bebbington · 2005 [cited by examiner]
US 20060024715A1 · Liu et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060199804A1 · Hummersone et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20080039618A1 · Allerson et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20120009151A1 · Han et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20130273070A1 · Purcell Ngambo · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20150065519A1 · Chakravarty et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150191727A1 · Migawa et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20180161335A1 · Ichida et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20200199136A1 · Smrcina et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210009718A1 · Ambrogelly et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210338683A1 · Ichida et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20220193204A1 · Cruz et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20230135152A1 · Smrcina et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20240197747A1 · Ichida et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
DE 4031798A1 · 1992 [cited by examiner]
EP 3676264A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
EP 3753937A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
EP 3960875A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
EP 3967694A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
EP 4103281A1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9914226A2 · 1999 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0250065A2 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO03101989A1 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2004106356A1 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005007648A2 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006128129A2 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007134181A2 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2008067871A1 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2008125839A2 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2009016410A2 · 2009 [cited by examiner]
WO WO2009083553A1 · 2009 [cited by examiner]
WO WO2009150462A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2010149459A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2012101654A2 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013014074A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013052395A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014016849A2 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2016210372A2 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017012576A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017015555A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017070189A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018137573A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018137607A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019046316A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019222173A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021154687A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021155067A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021163727A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2022271836A2 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2023215133A1 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2024167945A1 · 2024 [cited by applicant]
CAS Registry No. 1467559-07-4, which entered STN on Nov. 1, 2013 (Year: 2013). [cited by examiner]
CAS Registry No. 1500340-86-2, which entered STN on Dec. 22, 2013 (Year: 2013). [cited by examiner]
CAS Registry No. 1499689-68-7, which entered STN on Dec. 20, 2013 (Year: 2013). [cited by examiner]
CAS Registry No. 1978735-76-0, which entered STN on Aug. 24, 2016 (Year: 2016). [cited by examiner]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2018/048369, European Patent Office, Netherlands, mailed on Feb. 11, 2019, 23 pages. [cited by applicant]
CAS Registry No. 696636-91-6, which entered STN on Jun. 21, 2004 (Year: 2004). [cited by applicant]
CAS Registry No. 1501782-42-8, which entered STN on Dec. 23, 2013 (Year: 2013). [cited by applicant]
Baird, A.M., et al., “IL-23R is Epigenetically Regulated and Modulated by Chemotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer,” Front Oncol 3:162, Frontiers Media, Switzerland (Jun. 2013). [cited by applicant]
Cai, X., et al., “PIKfyve, a class Iii Pi kinase, is the target of the small molecular IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor apilimod and a player in Toll-like receptor signaling,” Chem Biol 20(7):912-921, Cell Press, United States (Ju… [cited by applicant]
Wada, Y., et al., “Selective abrogation of Th1 response by STA-5326, a potent IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor,” Blood 109(3):1156-1164, American Society of Hematology, United States (Feb. 2007). [cited by applicant]
Adamson, C.S., et al., “Antiviral Drug Discovery: Preparing for the Next Pandemic,” Chemical Society Reviews 50(6):3647-3655, Chemical Society, United Kingdom (Mar. 2021). [cited by applicant]
Albaek, N., et al., “Analogues of a Locked Nucleic Acid with Three-Carbon 2,4-Linkages: Synthesis by Ring-Closing Metathesis and Influence on Nucleic Acid Duplex Stability and Structure,” The Journal of Organic Chemistr… [cited by applicant]
Shetty, R., et al., “Therapeutic opportunities to manage COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection: Present and future,” Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 68(5):693-702, Medknow Publications, India (Mar. 2020). [cited by applicant]
Balfour, H., “Nafamostat Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Preventing COVID-19 Transmission,” Drug Target Review, Mar. 2020, accessed at https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/58915/nafamostat-inhibits-sars-cov-2-infection-… [cited by applicant]
Yamaya, M., et al., “Protease Inhibitors: Candidate Drugs to Inhibit Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Replication,” The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 251(1):27-30, Tohoku University Medical Libr… [cited by applicant]
Barciszewski, J., et al., “Chapter 10: Locked Nucleic Acid Aptamers,” Methods in Molecular Biology 535:165-186, Humana Press, United States (2009). [cited by applicant]
Yamamoto, M., et al., “The Anticoagulant Nafamostat Potently Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Vitro: an Existing Drug With Multiple Possible Therapeutic Effects,” BioRxiv 2020.04.22.054981, pp. 1-19, Cold Spring Laborat… [cited by applicant]
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 18/818,329, inventors Chang, W-H., et al., filed on Aug. 28, 2024, 68 pages (Not yet Published). [cited by applicant]
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 18/862,354, inventor Bjergarde, K., filed on Nov. 1, 2024, 53 pages (Not yet Published). [cited by applicant]
Wils, H., et al., “TDP-43 Transgenic Mice Develop Spastic Paralysis and Neuronal Inclusions Characteristic of Als and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Sta… [cited by applicant]
Cuesta-Geijo, M.A., et al., “Endosomal Maturation, Rab7 GTPase and Phosphoinositides in African Swine Fever Virus Entry,” PLoS One 7(11):e48853, 13 Pages, Public Library of Science, United States (Nov. 2012). [cited by applicant]
Cuesta-Geijo, M.A., et al., “Redistribution of Endosomal Membranes to the African Swine Fever Virus Replication Site,” Viruses 9(6):133, MDPI, Switzerland (Jun. 2017). [cited by applicant]
Englisch, U., and Gauss, D.H., “Chemically Modified Oligonucleotides as Probes and Inhibitors,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 30(6):613-629, Wiley-VCH, Germany (Jun. 1991). [cited by applicant]
EurekAlert, “Nafamostat is Expected to Prevent the Transmission of New Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19),” The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, News Release, Mar. 2020, accessed at https://www.eurek… [cited by applicant]
Freier, S.M., and Altmann, K.H., “The Ups and Downs of Nucleic Acid Duplex Stability: Structure-stability Studies on Chemically-modified DNA: RNA Duplexes,” Nucleic Acids Research 25(22):4429-4443, Oxford University Pre… [cited by applicant]
Godwin, P., et al., “Targeting Nuclear Factor-kappa B to Overcome Resistance to Chemotherapy,” Frontiers in Oncology 3:120, 10 Pages, Frontiers Media S.A., Switzerland (May 2013). [cited by applicant]
Hagedorn, P.H., et al., “Acute Neurotoxicity of Antisense Oligonucleotides After Intracerebroventricular Injection Into Mouse Brain Can Be Predicted from Sequence Features,” Nucleic Acid Therapeutics 32(3):151-162, Mary… [cited by applicant]
Higuchi, T., and Stella, V., “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, Roche, E.B., ed., American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamo… [cited by applicant]
Hoffmann, M., et al., “SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor,” Cell 181(2):271-280, Cell Press, United States (Apr. 2020). [cited by applicant]
Wikipedia, “Coronavirus,” Wikipedia.org, 2023, accessed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus, 33 Pages. [cited by applicant]
Taylor, M., and Gerriets, V., “Acyclovir,” NCBI Bookshelf, StatPearls Publishing, United States (May 2023), accessed at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542180/, 8 Pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2021/070144, European Patent Office, Netherlands, mailed on May 10, 2021, 18 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2022/034539, European Patent Office, Netherlands, mailed on Dec. 21, 2022, 20 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2023/019770, European Patent Office, Netherlands, mailed on Jul. 20, 2023, 13 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2024/014647, European Patent Office, Netherlands, mailed on Jul. 19, 2024, 16 pages. [cited by applicant]
Weir, M., et al., “Canine Coronavirus Disease,” Coronavirus Disease in Dogs, (2021), accessed at https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/coronavirus-disease-in-dogs, 2 Pages. [cited by applicant]
Kang, Y-L., et al., “Inhibition of PIKfyve kinase prevents infection by Zaire ebolavirus and SARS-CoV-2,” PNAS 117(34):20803-20813, National Academy of Sciences (Aug. 2020). [cited by applicant]
Kausar, S., et al., “A Review: Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs,” International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 35:1-12, SAGE Publishing, United States (Mar. 2021). [cited by applicant]
Tompa, D.R., et al., “Trends and Strategies to Combat Viral Infections: A Review on FDA Approved Antiviral Drugs,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 172:524-541, Elsevier, Netherlands (Mar. 2021). [cited by applicant]
Koshkin, A.A., et al., “LNA (Locked Nucleic Acids): Synthesis of the Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, 5-methylcytosine, Thymine and Uracil Bicyclonucleoside Monomers, Oligomerisation and Unprecedented Nucleic Acid Recognitio… [cited by applicant]
Kroschwitz, J.I., ed., “Polynucleotides,” in Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, pp. 858-859, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, United States (1990). [cited by applicant]
Kumar, R., et al., “The First Analogues of LNA (Locked Nucleic Acids): Phosphorothioate-LNA and 2′-thio-LNA,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 8(16):2219-2222, Elsevier Science Limited, United Kingdom (Aug. 1998… [cited by applicant]
Wan, W.B., et al., “Synthesis, Biophysical Properties and Biological Activity of Second Generation Antisense Oligonucleotides Containing Chiral Phosphorothioate Linkages,” Nucleic Acids Research 42(22):13456-13468, Oxfo… [cited by applicant]
Meyer, D., et al., “Identification of the First Synthetic Inhibitors of the Type II Transmembrane Serine Protease TMPRSS2 Suitable for Inhibition of Influenza Virus Activation,” The Biochemical Journal 452(2):331-343, P… [cited by applicant]
National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, “Coronaviruses,” niaid.nih.gov, 2022, accessed at https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/coronaviruses, 4 Pages. [cited by applicant]
Oka, N., et al., “An Oxazaphospholidine Approach for the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Oligonucleoside Phosphorothioates,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 125(27):8307-8317, American Chemical Society, United St… [cited by applicant]
Ou, X., et al., “Characterization of Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on Virus Entry and Its Immune Cross-reactivity With SARS-CoV,” Nature Communications 11:1620, Springer Nature, Germany (Apr. 2021). [cited by applicant]
Park, B.S., et al., “Structure-based Optimization and Biological Evaluation of Trisubstituted Pyrazole as a Core Structure of Potent ROS1 Kinase Inhibitors,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 22(15):3871-3878, Elsevier S… [cited by applicant]
Paszti-Gere, E., et al., “In Vitro Characterization of TMPRSS2 Inhibition in IPEC-J2 Cells,” Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 31(Suppl 2):123-129, Taylor & Francis, United Kingdom (Nov. 2016). [cited by applicant]
Rensi, S., et al., “Homology Modeling of TMPRSS2 Yields Candidate Drugs That May Inhibit Entry of SARS-CoV-2 Into Human Cells,” ChemRxiv, 12009582, pp. 1-22, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom (Mar. 2020). [cited by applicant]
Riva, L., et al., “A Large-scale Drug Repositioning Survey for SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals,” BioRxiv, 2020.04.16.044016, pp. 1-43, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, United States (Apr. 2020). [cited by applicant]
Rizopoulos, Z., et al., “Vaccinia Virus Infection Requires Maturation of Macropinosomes,” Traffic 16(8):814-831, Wiley, United Kingdom (Aug. 2015). [cited by applicant]
Sanghvi, Y.S., “Chapter 15: Heterocycle Base Modifications in Nucleic Acids and their Applications in Antisense Oligonucleotides,” in Antisense Research and Applications, Crooke, S. T., and Lebien, B., Eds., pp. 273-288… [cited by applicant]
Shi, Y., et al., “Haploinsufficiency Leads to Neurodegeneration in C9ORF72 ALS/FTD Human Induced Motor Neurons,” Nature Medicine 24(3):313-325, Springer, Germany (Mar. 2018). [cited by applicant]
Singh, S.K., et al., “LNA (locked nucleic acids): Synthesis and High-affinity Nucleic acid Recognition,” Chemical Communication 4:455-456, Royal Society of Chemistry, United States (1998). [cited by applicant]
Singh, S.K., et al., “Synthesis of 2′-Amino-LNA: A Novel Conformationally Restricted High-Affinity Oligonucleotide Analogue with a Handle,” Journal of Organic Chemistry 63(26): 10035-10039, American Chemical Society, Un… [cited by applicant]
Srivastava, P., et al., “Five- and Six-membered Conformationally Locked 2′,4′-carbocyclic Ribo-thymidines: Synthesis, Structure, and Biochemical Studies,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 129(26):8362-8379, Amer… [cited by applicant]
Tang, T., et al., “Coronavirus Membrane Fusion Mechanism Offers a Potential Target for Antiviral Development,” Antiviral Research 178:104792, Elsevier, Netherlands (Jun. 2020). [cited by applicant]
Aleem, A., et al., “Emerging Variants of SARS-CoV-2 and Novel Therapeutics Against Coronavirus (COVID-19),” StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf, last updated on May 8, 2023, accessed at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5705… [cited by applicant]
Morgan, K.K., and Seed, S., “Covid Variants,” WebMD, last updated on Nov. 15, 2023, accessed at https://www.webmd.com/covid/coronavirus-strains#1, accessed on Apr. 11, 2025, 4 pages. [cited by applicant]
PubChem, “N-(6-amino-2-propan-2-ylsulfanylpyrimidin-4-y1)-4-tert-butylbenzamide,” CID 22349769, Create date: Dec. 5, 2007, accessed at https://pubchem.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/compound/22349769, accessed on May 3, 2025, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
American Veterinary Medical Association, “African swine fever,” AVMA, accessed at https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animal-health-and-welfare/animal-health/african-swine-fever, accessed on Jun. 30, 2025, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, “African swine fever: 5 questions and answers,” Boehringer Ingelheim, accessed at https://www.boehringer-heim.com/us/animal-health/trends-insights/african-swine-fever-important-fa… [cited by applicant]
Department of Homeland Security, “African Swine Fever Virus: An Emerging Transboundary Threat,” DHS.gov, accessed at https://www.dbs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-01/23_1116_st_african_swine_fever_virus_factsheet.pdf, ac… [cited by applicant]
World Organisation for Animal Health, “African Swine Fever,” WOAH Technical Disease Card: African swine fever, accessed at https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/03/a-african-swine-fever-v2-0.pdf, accessed on Jun. 30, 20… [cited by applicant]