Reactor for carrying out a chemical reaction
A reactor for carrying out a chemical reaction includes a reactor wall and at least one group of M reaction tubes, each of which has an electrically heatable heating section that extends between a first and a second removal region. Each heating section has a respective feed region in a region which extends over 20% to 80% of a heating length of the heating section and electrically conductive feed elements. Each group M is paired with the feed elements connected to the feed regions of the group, and different phases of the alternating current can be fed to different feed elements paired with a group. Each group is paired with M first and M second removal elements connected to the first or second removal regions of the group, respectively. Each group is paired with a first and a second star bridge.
1 . A reactor for carrying out a chemical reaction in a process fluid using multiphase alternating current in order to heat the process fluid, wherein the alternating current has a number M of phases, wherein M is an integer greater than one, comprising:
a reactor vessel formed by a thermally insulating reactor wall;
at least one group having multiple reaction tubes, wherein each group comprises M reaction tubes, each of which has an electrically heatable heating section that extends between a first and a second removal region of the respective reaction tube for a respective heating length, wherein the heating sections are arranged at least for 95% of their heating length within the reactor vessel and each have a feed region in a region which extends over 20% to 80% of the heating length of said heating section;
electrically conductive feed elements, wherein each group of reaction tubes is paired with feed elements which are electrically conductively connected to the feed regions of the group, and different phases of the alternating current can be fed to different feed elements paired with a respective group;
electrically conductive first and second removal elements, each group being paired with M first removal elements and M second removal elements which are electrically conductively connected to the first removal regions or second removal regions of the group; and
at least one electrically conductive first star bridge and at least one electrically conductive second star bridge, wherein each group is paired with a respective first and a second star bridge, wherein for each group, the first removal elements paired with the group are electrically conductively connected to the first star bridge paired with the group, and the second removal elements paired with the group are electrically conductively connected to the second star bridge paired with the group.
2 . The reactor according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one first and the at least one second star bridge are arranged outside the reactor vessel.
3 . The reactor according to claim 2 , wherein the first and second removal regions are arranged within the reactor vessel, and wherein the first and second removal elements have an elongate shape and extend through the reactor wall; wherein the heating sections are arranged completely within the reactor vessel.
4 . The reactor according to claim 3 , wherein, if multiple groups are paired with one of the at least one first star bridge, the multiple groups are paired with the same second star bridge.
5 . The reactor according to claim 4 , wherein, for one group of the at least one group, the first and the second star bridge with which this group is paired are electrically conductively connected to one another by means of a bridge connection.
6 . The reactor according to claim 5 , further comprising one or more alternating current sources, wherein each alternating current source provides alternating current with M phases on M phase lines; wherein each group is paired with one of the one or more alternating current sources; wherein for each group, the feed elements paired with the group are connected to the phase lines of the alternating current source with which the group is paired.
7 . The reactor according to claim 6 , wherein at least one star point is formed in at least one of the one or more alternating current sources, wherein for a group of the at least one group, the first and/or the second star bridge with which the group is paired is connected via one or more neutral conductors (to the star point of the alternating current source with which the group is paired.
8 . The reactor according to claim 6 , wherein one of the one or more alternating current sources is paired with multiple groups, wherein these multiple groups are paired with the same first star bridge and the same second star bridge.
9 . The reactor according to claim 8 , wherein each of the heating sections has multiple straight tube sections connected to one another by one or more U-bends.
10 . The reactor according to claim 9 , wherein the feed regions are each located at one of the U-bends.
11 . The reactor according to claim 10 , wherein the removal elements are connected to electrically insulated holding devices for connection to a support structure, wherein the holding devices are connected in an electrically insulated manner to the respective removal element and/or are themselves electrically insulated.
12 . The reactor according to claim 1 , wherein the removal elements are connected to electrically insulated holding devices for connection to a support structure, wherein the holding devices are connected in an electrically insulated manner to the respective removal element and/or are themselves electrically insulated.
13 . The reactor according to claim 12 , wherein for each reaction tube at least one bearing device for connection to the support structure is provided, which bearing device is connected to the reaction tube, wherein the at least one bearing device is connected to the reaction tube in an electrically insulated manner and/or is itself electrically insulated.
14 . The reactor according to claim 12 , wherein a phase shift between two mutually different phases of the alternating current, expressed in radians, is 2π·k/M, where k is in each case an integer in the range from 1 to M-1.
15 . The reactor according to claim 12 , wherein the chemical reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs at least partially at a temperature of at least 500° C.; wherein the chemical reaction is selected from a group consisting of: steam cracking, steam reforming, dry reforming, propane dehydrogenation, and a reaction with hydrocarbons, which is carried out at least partially at more than 500° C.
16 . The reactor according to claim 1 , wherein, if multiple groups are paired with one of the at least one first star bridge, the multiple groups are paired with the same second star bridge.
17 . The reactor according to claim 1 , wherein, for one group of the at least one group, the first and the second star bridge with which this group is paired are electrically conductively connected to one another by means of a bridge connection.
18 . The reactor according to claim 1 , further comprising one or more alternating current sources, wherein each alternating current source provides alternating current with M phases on M phase lines; wherein each group is paired with one of the one or more alternating current sources; wherein for each group, the feed elements paired with the group are connected to the phase lines of the alternating current source with which the group is paired.
19 . The reactor according to claim 18 , wherein at least one star point is formed in at least one of the one or more alternating current sources, wherein for a group of the at least one group, the first and/or the second star bridge with which the group is paired is connected via one or more neutral conductors to the star point of the alternating current source with which the group is paired.
20 . The reactor according to claim 18 , wherein one of the one or more alternating current sources is paired with multiple groups, wherein these multiple groups are paired with the same first star bridge and the same second star bridge.