Process for the preparation of accelerated release formulations using compressed fluids
The following description refers to a process for the impregnation of cross-linked polymers with an active ingredient. The process is based on the used of compressed fluids, in particular CO 2 , with antisolvent effect, and involves the steps of impregnating the polymer with an active ingredient solution, adding a compressed fluid until precipitation of the active ingredient caused by the compressed fluid antisolvent effect, removing the solvent and the compressed fluid. The process allows to obtain accelerated release pharmaceutical formulations that, compared with the formulations already known, contain larger quantities of amorphous or nanocrystalline active ingredient.
1. A process for impregnating a cross-linked polymer with an active ingredient to obtain accelerated release pharmaceutical formulations, comprising the following steps, carried out in the order indicated:
a. swelling a cross-linked polymer with a solution of the active ingredient in an organic solvent, wherein said organic solvent is capable of dissolving the active ingredient but not the polymer and has swelling properties towards the polymer;
b. adding, into a closed reactor, to the swollen polymer/active ingredient/solvent mixture obtained in step a) a compressed fluid, which is an antisolvent for the active ingredient, until reaching a pressure equal to or higher than the precipitation pressure of said active ingredient, thereby causing precipitation of the active ingredient into the polymer;
c. removing the organic solvent from the reactor while maintaining the pressure at values equal to or higher than the precipitation pressure of said active ingredient; and
d. removing the compressed fluid from the reactor.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein, in step a., a polymer that is only partially swollen is obtained.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein, in step a., the polymer is first swollen with the solution of the active ingredient in the organic solvent and then the organic solvent is partially removed from the swollen polymer, maintaining the concentration of the active ingredient in solution below the precipitation threshold.
4. The process of claim 2 wherein the polymer is impregnated by repeating steps a.-d. and wherein the active ingredient solution is subdivided into two portions, to be used in the first and in the second step a., respectively.
5. The process of claim 4 wherein the two solution portions have an equal volume.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein in, step c., the organic solvent is removed by compressed fluid stream through the reactor and/or by solvent siphoning and draining.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein the active ingredient concentration in the solution ranges from 1 mg/cm 3 to 500 mg/cm 3 and the active ingredient/dry polymer ratio ranges between 1:20 and 1:0.5 by weight.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the active ingredient that impregnates the cross-linked polymer is deposited by at least 85% in the amorphous form in respect of the total active ingredient deposited in the polymer.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the active ingredient is a drug belonging to the biopharmaceutical class II.
10. The process of claim 9 wherein the active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of griseofulvin, megestrol, nimesulide, piroxicam, carbamazepine, acyclovir.
11. The process of claim 1 wherein the compressed fluid is CO 2 , propane or a hydrofluorocarbon.
12. The process of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent is selected from cyclohexane, toluene, benzene, methylene chloride, chloroform, diethyl ether, dioxane, acetone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, ethylene glycol and tetraglycol.
13. The process of claim 1 wherein the cross-linked polymer is selected from cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, cross-linked polymers of cyclodextrins, cross-linked dextran, cross-linked carboxymethyl starch sodium salt, cross-linked polystyrene, cross-linked acrylic acid and cross-linked polymethyl methacrylate sodium salt.
14. A process for impregnating a cross-linked polymer with an active ingredient to obtain an impregnated polymer containing a large percentage of active ingredient into the amorphous state and low amounts or absence of crystalline active ingredient on the surface of the polymer particles and comprising the following steps, carried out in the order indicated:
a. swelling a cross-linked polymer with a solution of the active ingredient in an organic solvent, wherein said organic solvent is capable of dissolving the active ingredient but not the polymer and has swelling properties towards the polymer;
b. adding, into a closed reactor, to the swollen polymer/active ingredient/solvent mixture obtained in step a., a compressed fluid, which is an antisolvent for the active ingredient, until reaching a pressure equal to or higher than the precipitation pressure of said active ingredient, thereby causing precipitation of the active ingredient into the polymer;
c. removing the organic solvent from the reactor while maintaining the pressure at values equal to or higher than the precipitation pressure of said active ingredient; and
d. removing the compressed fluid from the reactor.