Method and apparatus for variable optical attenuation for an optical switch
A controller in an optical switch providing optical coupling of an optical signal between a source port and a target port employs, in at least one axis, gradient control using a feedback loop that compensates for alignment error between a source port and a target port in an optical switch. In at least one other axis, the controller generates a control input according to a control law that results in variable attenuation of optical coupling between the source port and the target port in the optical switch. A dither signal may be applied to the control input in the at least one other axis. Amplitude of the applied dither signal may be varied.
1. A method for controlling optical coupling between a source port and a target port in an optical switch, the method comprising:
in at least one axis, compensating for alignment error between a source port and a target port in an optical switch using a feedback loop employing gradient control; and
in at least one other axis, generating a control input according to a first control law that changes the control input as a function of an error in power or a second control law that changes the control input as a function of an estimate of a power gradient, including transitioning therebetween, based on a state of optical coupling between the source port and the target port in the optical switch to attenuate the optical coupling in a variable manner.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the error in power is the difference between desired power and measured nominal power received by the target port.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the error in power is based on a relative measure of optical power received by the target port and optical power at the source port.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the estimate of a power gradient is an estimate of a power gradient in the at least one other axis.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein transitioning the control input in the at least one other axis between the first control law and the second control law includes transitioning the control input based on the smaller of a scaled power error and a scaled power gradient.
6. The method according to claim 1 wherein generating the control input in the at least one other axis includes applying a dither signal to the control input.
7. The method according to claim 6 further including varying the amplitude of the dither signal.
8. The method according to claim 6 wherein varying the amplitude of the dither signal is based on an error metric or an estimate of power gradient.
9. The method according to claim 1 wherein generating the control input in the at least one other axis includes transitioning between applying a dither signal and not applying a dither signal to the control input in the at least one other axis.
10. The method according to claim 9 wherein transitioning between applying the dither signal and not applying the dither signal includes using hysteretic criteria.
11. The method according to claim 9 wherein transitioning between applying the dither signal and not applying the dither signal depends on an error metric, estimate of power gradient, or combination of both.
12. An apparatus for controlling optical coupling in an optical switch, the apparatus comprising:
in at least one axis, a controller configured to employ gradient control using a feedback loop that compensates for alignment error between a source port and a target port in an optical switch; and
in at least one other axis, the controller configured to generate a control input according to a first control law that changes the control input as a function of an error in power or a second control law that changes the control input as a function of an estimate of a power gradient, including transitioning therebetween, based on a state of optical coupling between the source port and the target port in the optical switch to attenuate the optical coupling in a variable manner.
13. The apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the error in power is the difference between desired power and measured nominal power received by the target port.
14. The apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the error in power is based on a relative measure of optical power received by the target port and optical power at the source port.
15. The apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the estimate of a power gradient is an estimate of a power gradient in the at least one other axis.
16. The apparatus according to claim 12 wherein transitioning the control input in the at least one other axis between the first control law and the second control law includes transitioning the control input is based on the smaller of a scaled power error and a scaled power gradient.
17. The apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the controller is configured to apply a dither signal to the control input in the at least one other axis.
18. The apparatus according to claim 17 wherein the controller is further configured to vary the amplitude of the dither signal.
19. The apparatus according to claim 18 wherein the controller is configured to vary the amplitude of the dither signal based on an error metric or an estimate of gradient of power.
20. The apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the controller is configured to transition between applying a dither signal and not applying a dither signal to the control input in the at least one other axis.
21. The apparatus according to claim 20 wherein the controller is configured to use hysteresis to offset the transition.
22. The apparatus according to claim 20 wherein the controller is configured to transition based on an error metric or an estimate of gradient of power.
23. An apparatus for controlling optical coupling in an optical switch, the apparatus comprising:
in at least one axis, means for compensating for alignment error between a source port and a target port in an optical switch using a feedback loop employing gradient control; and
in at least one other axis, means for generating a control input according to a first control law that changes the control input as a function of an error in power or a second control law that changes the control input as a function of an estimate of a power gradient, including transitioning therebetween, based on a state of optical coupling between the source port and the target port in the optical switch to attenuate the optical coupling in a variable manner.
24. A method for controlling optical coupling between a source port and a target port in an optical switch, the method comprising:
in at least one axis, compensating for alignment error between a source port and a target port in an optical switch using a feedback loop employing gradient control; and
in at least one other axis, transitioning between applying a dither signal and not applying a dither signal, and further generating a control input according to a first control law or a second control law, including transitioning therebetween, based on a state of optical coupling between the source port and the target port in the optical switch to attenuate the optical coupling in a variable manner.
25. The method according to claim 24 wherein transitioning between applying the dither signal and not applying the dither signal includes using hysteretic criteria.
26. The method according to claim 24 wherein transitioning between applying the dither signal and not applying the dither signal depends on an error metric, estimate of power gradient, or combination of both.
27. The method according to claim 24 wherein generating the control input on the at least one other axis includes transitioning between the first control law that changes the control input as a function of an error in power and the second control law that changes the control input as a function of an estimate of a power gradient.
28. An apparatus for controlling optical coupling in an optical switch, the apparatus comprising:
in at least one axis, a controller configured to employ gradient control using a feedback loop that compensates for alignment error between a source port and a target port in an optical switch; and
in at least one other axis, the controller configured to transition between applying a dither signal and not applying a dither signal, and further configured to generate a control input according to a first control law or a second control law, including transitioning therebetween, based on a state of optical coupling between the source port and the target port in the optical switch to attenuate the optical coupling in a variable manner.
29. The apparatus according to claim 8 wherein the controller is configured to use hysteresis to offset the transition.
30. The apparatus according to claim 8 wherein the controller is configured to transition based on an error metric or an estimate of gradient of power.
31. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein the controller is configured to transition between the first control law that changes the control input as a function of an error in power and the second control law that changes the control input as a function of an estimate of a power gradient.