Cryotherapy probe
A gas-based cryotherapy probe is provided with a shaft having a closed distal end adapted for insertion into a body. A supply conduit is disposed longitudinally within the shaft for flowing gas towards the distal end, and a return conduit is disposed longitudinally within the shaft for flowing gas from the distal end. The gas is maintained at a lower pressure within the return conduit than in the supply conduit. A heat exchanger is disposed within the shaft in thermal communication with the supply conduit and return conduit to exchange heat from gas in the supply conduit to gas in the return conduit. A vacuum jacket is adapted to provide thermal isolation of the heat exchanger from the shaft.
1. A method for cooling material, the method comprising:
positioning an end of a cryoprobe in the material;
circulating a cryogenic fluid through the cryoprobe under physical conditions near a critical point of a liquid-vapor system for the cryogenic fluid, wherein the critical point defines a point in a phase diagram of the liquid-vapor system where molar volumes are substantially equivalent for liquid and gas, wherein the cryogenic fluid is nitrogen and the physical conditions comprise a pressure of about 33.5 atm,
whereby vapor lock associated with cooling of the cryoprobe is avoided.
2. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the cryoprobe has a diameter less than 2 mm.
3. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the cryoprobe has a diameter less than 1 mm.
4. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising:
positioning an end of a second cryoprobe in the material, the ends of the cryoprobes being made of an electrically insulating material; and
electrically ablating the material by forcing current between the ends of the cryoprobes to heat intervening material.
5. The method recited in claim 4 wherein electrically ablating the material is performed after circulating the cryogenic fluid through the cryoprobe for initial ice formation.
6. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising injection a cryosensitizing substance into the material with the cryoprobe.