Method of treating atmospheric pollutants
A method of reducing at least one atmospheric oxidizing pollutant, such as ozone, with a reducing agent comprises contacting the reducing agent with the at least one atmospheric oxidizing pollutant, wherein the reducing agent comprises a precious metalfree trap material, such as a zeolite, including at least one trapped atmospheric reducing pollutant, e.g. a hydrocarbon, whereby as the at least one atmospheric oxidizing pollutant is reduced the at least one trapped atmospheric reducing pollutant is oxidized.
1. An apparatus for treating atmospheric pollutants, which apparatus comprises a heat exchange device; a first composition including a precious metal-free trap material supported on an atmosphere contacting surface of the heat exchange device, the trap material being capable of trapping at least one atmospheric reducing pollutant; a second composition including at least one second reducing agent for reducing at least one atmospheric oxidizing pollutant, which at least one second reducing agent comprises a manganese-based reducing agent, one or more precious metals, copper, iron, zinc or a mixture of any two or more of copper, iron and zinc and is supported on:
(i) the same atmosphere contacting surface as the first composition or
(ii) a different atmosphere contacting surface of the heat exchange device from the trap material; and
arranged such that the at least one second reducing agent is contacted by the atmospheric pollutants leaving the trap material; and means for causing movement of the heat exchange device relative to the atmosphere for contacting the supported trap material with at least one atmospheric oxidizing pollutant and at least one atmospheric reducing pollutant, whereby the at least one atmospheric oxidizing pollutant is reduced by a combination of the trap material and at least one trapped atmospheric reducing pollutant, which is consequently oxidized.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the trap material is selected from the group consisting of a zeolite, a layered clay, an aluminum phosphates, a crystalline silicate, a crystalline silicate-containing species, alumina, silica, aluminosilicate and mixtures of any two or more thereof.
3. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein where the at least one second reducing agent is supported on the same atmosphere contacting surface as the trap material, the at least one second reducing agent is layered under the trap material.
4. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one second reducing agent is supported on a support selected from the group consisting of alumina, ceria, zirconia, titania, silica and mixtures thereof.
5. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one second reducing agent comprises a mixture of copper (II) oxide and zinc oxide supported on alumina.
6. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one second reducing agent comprises a compound comprising copper, iron, zinc or a mixture of any two or more of copper, iron and zinc, and wherein one or more of the copper, iron and zinc in the compound is in the reduced form.
7. An apparatus according to claim 6 , wherein the at least one second reducing agent is Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 .
8. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the means for causing movement of the surface relative to the atmosphere comprises a power plant.
9. An apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the power plant is an engine fuelled by a fuel selected from the group consisting of gasoline, diesel, liquid petroleum gas, natural gas, methanol, ethanol, methane and mixtures of any two or more thereof.
10. An apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the power plant is selected from the group consisting of an electric cell, a solar cell or a hydrocarbon or hydrogen-powered fuel cell.
11. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the heat exchange device is a radiator or an air conditioning condenser.
12. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the first composition, the second composition or the first and second compositions includes a thermosetting or thermoplastic polymeric binder or a mixture of any two or more thereof.
13. An apparatus according to claim 12 , wherein the binder is a water-soluble binder.
14. An apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the water-soluble binder is a cellulosic binder.
15. An apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the cellulosic binder is an ether or ester or semi-synthetic cellulosic binder.
16. An apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein the cellulosic binder is hydroxypropyl- or methylcellulose.
17. An apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the water-soluble binder is a vinyl or acrylic binder.
18. An apparatus according to claim 17 , wherein the vinyl or acrylic binder is polyvinyl alcohol or ammonium polymethacrylate.
19. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the trap material is metal-substituted zeolite.
20. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the trap metal is a zeolite selected from the group consisting of beta-zeolite, zeolite Y and ZSM-5.
21. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the first composition, the second composition or the first and second compositions include a latex binder.
22. A vehicle including an apparatus according to claim 1 .
23. A vehicle according to claim 22 , wherein the apparatus comprises a radiator housed in an engine compartment thereof.
24. A vehicle according to claim 22 , wherein the vehicle is a heavy-duty diesel vehicle.