Directed evolution of proteins

1. A method for producing an evolved polypeptide comprising:

randomly fragmenting two or more double stranded parent nucleic acids and generating three or more nucleic acid fragments from each of the parent nucleic acids, wherein at least one of the parent nucleic acids is capable of encoding a protein, and at least one of the nucleic acid fragments encodes a fragment of the protein;

ligating at least a subset of the nucleic acid fragments and generating shuffled nucleic acids, wherein the nucleic acid fragments and the shuffled nucleic acids are double stranded and at least one of the shuffled nucleic acids comprises nucleic acid fragments from at least two of the parent nucleic acids and encodes the evolved polypeptide;

ligating at least one hairpin oligonucleotide to each end of at least a subset of the shuffled nucleic acids to cap each end of the subset of the shuffled nucleic acids, and forming capped shuffled nucleic acids thereby controlling the average length of the subset of the shuffled nucleic acids wherein each end of the capped shuffled nucleic acids can no longer ligate to other nucleic acid molecules, and at least one of the subset of the shuffled nucleic acids and at least one of the capped shuffled nucleic acids encode the evolved polypeptide;

uncapping the capped shuffled nucleic acids by cleaving the hairpin oligonucleotide from the capped shuffled nucleic acids and generating uncapped shuffled nucleic acids encoding the evolved polypeptide;

transforming the at least one of the uncapped shuffled nucleic acids encoding the evolved polypeptide into a host cell; and

expressing the evolved polypeptide encoded by the at least one of the uncapped shuffled nucleic acids encoding the evolved polypeptide.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the parent nucleic acids are non-homologous and non-complementary.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of fragmenting the parent nucleic acids further comprises using a non-site specific agent to fragment the parent nucleic acids.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the non-site specific agent is selected from the group consisting of a nonspecific endonuclease, a blunt-end endonuclease, and a chemical reagent.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the non-site specific agent is DNase I.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further includes adding at least two species of hairpin oligonucleotides, wherein each of the at least two species comprises a different nonpalindromic restriction endonuclease cleavage site.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of transforming further comprises introducing the at least one of the uncapped shuffled nucleic acids encoding the evolved polypeptide into an expression vector.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid fragments have at least one nucleic acid fragment that is inserted, deleted, or rearranged to produce the at least one of the shuffled nucleic acids that encodes the evolved polypeptide.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the average size of the least one of the shuffled nucleic acids encoding the evolved polypeptide is less than about 2000 nucleotides.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the uncapped shuffled nucleic acids encoding the evolved polypeptide comprise a plurality of different uncapped shuffled nucleic acids and further comprising producing a library of the evolved polypeptide comprising:

transforming the plurality of different uncapped shuffled nucleic acids into a host cell; and

expressing a plurality of polypeptides of the evolved polypeptide encoded by the plurality of the uncapped shuffled nucleic acids.

11. A method for producing an evolved chimeric polypeptide comprising:

fragmenting a double stranded first nucleic acid encoding a first protein with at least one structural feature and generating three or more nucleic acid fragments, wherein at least one of the nucleic acid fragments encodes a fragment of the first protein;

fragmenting a double stranded second nucleic acid encoding a second protein with at least one structural feature and generating three or more nucleic acid fragments, wherein at least one of the nucleic acid fragments generated from the second nucleic acid encodes a fragment of the second protein;

ligating at least a subset of the nucleic acid fragments that encode the fragment of the first protein with at least a subset of the nucleic acid fragments that encode the fragment of the second protein at random and generating shuffled chimeric nucleic acids, wherein the nucleic acid fragments that encode the fragments of the first and second proteins and the shuffled chimeric nucleic acids are double stranded and at least one of the shuffled chimeric nucleic acids comprises a nucleic acid fragment that encodes the fragment of the first protein and a nucleic acid fragment that encodes the fragment of the second protein and encodes the evolved chimeric polypeptide;

ligating at least one hairpin oligonucleotide to each end of at least a subset of the shuffled chimeric nucleic acids to cap each end of the shuffled chimeric nucleic acids, and forming capped shuffled chimeric nucleic acids thereby regulating the length of the subset of the shuffled chimeric nucleic acids wherein each end of the capped shuffled chimeric nucleic acids can no longer ligate to other nucleic acid molecules, and at least one of the subset of the shuffled chimeric nucleic acids and at least one of the capped shuffled chimeric nucleic acids encode the evolved polypeptide;

uncapping the capped shuffled chimeric nucleic acids by cleaving the hairpin oligonucleotide from the capped shuffled chimeric nucleic acids and generating uncapped shuffled chimeric nucleic acids encoding the evolved chimeric polypeptide;

transforming at least one of the uncapped shuffled chimeric nucleic acids encoding the evolved chimeric polypeptide into a host cell; and

expressing the evolved chimeric polypeptide encoded by the at least one of the shuffled chimeric nucleic acids encoding the evolved chimeric polypeptide.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first nucleic acid encoding the first protein and the second nucleic acid encoding the second protein are non-homologous and non-complementary.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein each of the at least one of the nucleic acid fragments encoding the fragment of the first protein has a terminus that can be ligated to at least one non-adjacent fragment.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein each of the at least one of the nucleic acid fragments encoding the fragment of the second protein has a terminus that can be ligated to at least one non-adjacent fragment.

15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first and second nucleic acids are fragmented by a non-site specific agent.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the non-site specific agent is DNase I.

17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the nucleic acid fragments that encode the fragments of the first and second proteins have at least one nucleic acid fragment that is inserted, deleted, or rearranged to produce the at least one of the shuffled chimeric nucleic acids that encodes the evolved chimeric polypeptide.

18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the average size of the nucleic acid fragments generated from the first and second nucleic acids is less than about 2000 nucleotides.

19. The method of claim 11 , wherein the uncapped shuffled chimeric nucleic acids encoding the evolved chimeric polypeptide comprise a plurality of different uncapped shuffled chimeric nucleic acids and further comprising producing a library of the evolved chimeric polypeptide comprising:

transforming the plurality of the uncapped shuffled chimeric nucleic acids into a host cell; and

expressing a plurality of polypeptides of the evolved chimeric polypeptide encoded by the plurality of the different uncapped shuffled chimeric nucleic acids.