In vitro germinal centers
The present invention incorporates germinal centers (GCs) into three-dimensional (3D) engineered tissue constructs (ETCs). In an embodiment, we have incorporated the GC in the design of an artificial immune system (AIS) to examine immune responses to vaccines and other compounds. Development of an in vitro GC adds functionality to an AIS, in that it enables generation of an in vitro human humoral response by human B lymphocytes that is accurate and reproducible, without using human subjects. The invention also permits evaluation of, for example, vaccines, allergens, and immunogens, and activation of human B cells specific for a given antigen, which can then be used to generate human antibodies. In an embodiment of the present invention the function of the in vitro GC is enhanced by placing FDCs and other immune cells in a 3D ETC; FDCs appear more effective over a longer time (antibody production is sustained for up to about 14 days.
1. A method for producing antibodies having binding specificity for a selected antigen, said method comprising:
a) administering a selected antigen to an in vitro cellular system, wherein the in vitro cellular system comprises a culture comprising an engineered tissue construct, and at least one three-dimensional artificial germinal center embedded in or fixed on the engineered tissue construct, wherein the artificial germinal center comprises a plurality of follicular dendritic cells, a plurality of B cells, and a plurality of T cells; and
b) culturing the system of a) under conditions promoting expression of antibodies having binding specificity for the antigen by the B cells, thereby producing antibodies having binding specificity for a selected antigen.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising isolating the antibodies having binding specificity for the antigen from the system of b).
3. A method for producing B cells expressing antibodies having binding specificity for a selected antigen, said method comprising:
a) administering a selected antigen to an in vitro cellular system, wherein the in vitro cellular system comprises a culture comprising an engineered tissue construct, and at least one three-dimensional artificial germinal center embedded in or fixed on the engineered tissue construct, wherein the artificial germinal center comprises a plurality of follicular dendritic cells, a plurality of B cells, and a plurality of T cells; and
b) culturing the system of a) under conditions promoting activation of B cells expressing antibodies having binding specificity for the antigen, thereby producing B cells expressing antibodies having binding specificity for a selected antigen.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising isolating B cells that express antibodies having binding specificity for the antigen from the system of b).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said antigen is selected from the group consisting of a vaccine, an adjuvant, an immunomodulator, an immunotherapy candidate, a cosmetic, a drug, a biologic, and a chemical compound.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said antigen is coupled with an antibody that specifically binds said antigen.
7. The method of claim 3 , wherein said antigen is selected from the group consisting of a vaccine, an adjuvant, an immunomodulator, an immunotherapy candidate, a cosmetic, a drug, a biologic, and a chemical compound.
8. The method of claim 3 , wherein said agent is coupled with an antibody that specifically binds said antigen.
9. A method for immortalizing B cells expressing antibodies having binding specificity for a selected antigen comprising:
a) administering a selected antigen to an in vitro cellular system, wherein the in vitro cellular system comprises a culture comprising an engineered tissue construct, and at least one three-dimensional artificial germinal center embedded in or fixed on the engineered tissue construct, wherein the artificial germinal center comprises a plurality of follicular dendritic cells, a plurality of B cells, and a plurality of T cells;
b) culturing the system of a) under conditions promoting activation of B cells expressing antibodies having binding specificity for the antigen;
c) isolating B cells expressing antibodies having binding specificity for the antigen from the system of b); and
d) immortalizing the B cells producing antibodies having binding specificity for the antigen.
10. A method for immortalizing B cells monoclonal for a selected antigen comprising:
a) administering a selected antigen to an in vitro cellular system, wherein the in vitro cellular system comprises a culture comprising an engineered tissue construct, and at least one three-dimensional artificial germinal center embedded in or fixed on the engineered tissue construct, wherein the artificial germinal center comprises a plurality of follicular dendritic cells, a plurality of B cells, and a plurality of T cells;
b) culturing the system of a) under conditions promoting activation of B cells monoclonal for the selected antigen;
c) identifying B cells that are monoclonal for the antigen in the culture of b); and
d) isolating, cloning and immortalizing the B cells monoclonal for the antigen, thereby immortalizing B cells monoclonal for a selected antigen.