High temperature metal-halogen flow battery with non-aqueous molten salt electrolyte
An apparatus including at least one electrochemical flow cell in which the electrochemical flow cell includes an anode electrode, a cathode electrode and a reaction zone between the anode and the cathode. The electrochemical flow cell also includes an electrolyte storage reservoir configured to hold a molten salt electrolyte and a gas generated during charging of the at least one electrochemical flow cell and at least one conduit configured to supply the molten salt electrolyte and the gas from the storage reservoir to the at least one electrochemical flow cell. The electrochemical flow cell also includes at least one pump configured to pump the molten salt electrolyte from the storage reservoir to the reaction zone.
1. A method of operating an electrochemical system, comprising:
pumping a molten salt electrolyte from a first portion of an electrolyte storage reservoir to a stack of electrochemical flow cells; and
supplying a gas located in a second portion of the electrolyte storage reservoir above the first portion of the electrolyte storage reservoir to the stack of electrochemical flow cells;
wherein the gas comprises a chlorine gas which is located over the molten salt electrolyte in the storage reservoir; and
wherein the molten salt electrolyte and the chlorine gas are pumped and supplied to the stack of electrochemical flow cells during a stack discharge mode.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising pumping the molten salt electrolyte substantially free of the chlorine gas to the stack of electrochemical flow cells during a stack charge mode.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein:
the molten salt electrolyte and the chlorine gas are pumped and supplied to the stack of electrochemical flow cells during the stack discharge mode through a discharge mode conduit using a discharge mode pump; and
the molten salt electrolyte substantially free of the chlorine gas is pumped to the stack of electrochemical flow cells during the stack charge mode through a charge mode conduit using a charge mode pump.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein:
the discharge mode conduit extends into the storage reservoir, such that the discharge mode pump pumps the molten salt electrolyte from the first portion of the storage reservoir into an inlet of the discharge mode conduit located in the first portion of the storage reservoir, and the discharge mode pump supplies the chlorine gas from the second portion of the storage reservoir through a gas inlet into the discharge mode conduit; and
the charge mode conduit extends into the storage reservoir, such that the charge mode pump pumps the molten salt electrolyte from the first portion of the storage reservoir into an inlet of the charge mode conduit located in the first portion of the storage reservoir.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein:
the gas inlet comprises one or more supply ports in a portion of the discharge mode conduit located in the second portion of the storage reservoir or one or more gas supply tubes fluidly connecting the discharge mode conduit to the second portion of the storage reservoir; and
an amount of the chlorine gas supplied to the stack is controlled by selecting at least one of size or number of the ports or by selecting at least one of a number, width and length of the at least one gas supply tubes.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molten salt electrolyte comprises at least one of ZnCl.sub.2 and AlCl.sub.3, and at least one of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl 2 .
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stack of electrochemical flow cells and the storage reservoir are maintained at a pressure of 1 atmosphere or above 1 atmosphere.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising heating the molten salt electrolyte to a temperature above its melting temperature.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the temperature comprises a temperature between 100 and 300° C.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the molten salt electrolyte comprises 40-70 mol % ZnCl 2 or AlCl 3 , 15-30 mol % NaCl and 15-30 mol % KCl.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the molten salt electrolyte further comprises at least one of LiCl 3 , Mn, Pb, Sn, Sb, Bi and In, and wherein the molten salt electrolyte is substantially water free.