Single molecule arrays for genetic and chemical analysis
Random arrays of single molecules are provided for carrying out large scale analyses, particularly of biomolecules, such as genomic DNA, cDNAs, proteins, and the like. In one aspect, arrays of the invention comprise concatemers of DNA fragments that are randomly disposed on a regular array of discrete spaced apart regions, such that substantially all such regions contain no more than a single concatemer. Preferably, such regions have areas substantially less than 1 μm 2 and have nearest neighbor distances that permit optical resolution of on the order of 10 9 single molecules per cm 2 . Many analytical chemistries can be applied to random arrays of the invention, including sequencing by hybridization chemistries, sequencing by synthesis chemistries, SNP detection chemistries, and the like, to greatly expand the scale and potential applications of such techniques.
1. A random array of concatemers, wherein said random array comprises:
(a) a solid substrate comprising a surface, wherein said surface comprises a plurality of discrete spaced apart regions defined on said surface, wherein said discrete spaced apart regions are separated by inter-regional areas;
(b) concatemers randomly disposed on said plurality of discrete spaced apart regions such that at least a majority of said plurality of discrete spaced apart regions comprises a single concatemer immobilized thereon and said concatemers do not bind to said inter-regional areas,
wherein said concatemers comprise a plurality of monomeric units and each monomeric unit comprises:
(i) a first target sequence of a target polynucleotide of unknown sequence;
(ii) an adaptor comprising a Type Ils endonuclease restriction site, wherein said first target sequence is adjacent to said adaptor; and
wherein each said single concatemer is immobilized on a discrete spaced apart region by attractive noncovalent interactions between said discrete spaced apart region and multiple monomeric units of said single concatemer.
2. The random array of claim 1 , wherein said plurality of concatemers are immobilized on said discrete spaced apart regions through attractive noncovalent interactions.
3. The random array of claim 2 , wherein said attractive noncovalent interactions are a member selected from Van der Waal forces, hydrogen bonding, ionic and hydrophobic interactions.
4. The random array of claim 1 , wherein said surface comprises silica.
5. The random array of claim 4 , wherein said discrete spaced apart regions comprise functional moieties.
6. The random array of claim 5 , wherein said functional moieties comprise amines.
7. The random array of claim 1 , wherein said adaptor further comprises a palindrome.
8. The random array of claim 1 , wherein a majority of said concatemers disposed on said discrete spaced apart regions have a nearest neighbor distance of about 50 nanometers or greater.
9. The random array of claim 8 , wherein said majority of said concatemers have a nearest neighbor distance of about 200 nanometers or greater.
10. The random array of claim 1 , wherein said majority of said concatemers are disposed on said discrete spaced apart regions at a density of at least 1000 per μm 2 .
11. A random array of concatemers, wherein said random array comprises:
(a) a solid substrate comprising a surface, wherein said surface comprises a plurality of discrete spaced apart regions defined on said surface, wherein said discrete spaced apart regions are separated by inter-regional areas;
(b) concatemers randomly disposed on said plurality of discrete spaced apart regions such that at least a majority of said discrete spaced apart regions comprises a single concatemer immobilized thereon and said concatemers do not bind to said inter-regional areas, wherein said concatemers are immobilized on said discrete spaced apart regions through attractive noncovalent interactions, and
wherein said concatemers comprise a plurality of monomeric units and each monomeric unit comprises:
(i) a first target sequence of a target polynucleotide of unknown sequence;
(ii) an adaptor, wherein said first target sequence is adjacent to said adaptor; and
wherein each said single concatemer is immobilized on a discrete spaced apart region by attractive noncovalent interactions between said discrete spaced apart region and multiple monomeric units of said single concatemer.
12. The random array of claim 11 , wherein said attractive noncovalent interactions are a member selected from Van der Waal forces, hydrogen bonding, ionic and hydrophobic interactions.
13. The random array of claim 11 , wherein said discrete spaced apart regions comprise functional moieties.
14. The random array of claim 13 , wherein said functional moieties comprise amines.
15. A random array of concatemers, wherein said random array comprises:
(a) a solid substrate comprising a surface, wherein said surface comprises a plurality of discrete spaced apart regions defined on said surface, wherein said discrete spaced apart regions are separated by inter-regional area;
(b) concatemers randomly disposed on said plurality of discrete spaced apart regions such that at least a-majority of said plurality of discrete spaced apart regions comprises a single concatemer immobilized thereon and said concatemers do not bind to said interregional areas, wherein said concatemers are immobilized on said discrete spaced apart regions through attractive noncovalent interactions, and
wherein said concatemers comprise a plurality of monomeric units and each monomeric unit comprises:
(i) a first target sequence of a target polynucleotide of unknown sequence;
(ii) an adaptor comprising a Type IIs endonuclease restriction site, wherein said first target sequence is adjacent to said adaptor; and
wherein each said single concatemer is immobilized on a discrete spaced apart region by attractive noncovalent interactions between said discrete spaced apart region and multiple monomeric units of said single concatemer.
16. The random array of claim 15 , wherein said concatemers are generated from a circular template, wherein said circular template comprises said adaptor and said first target sequence.
17. The random array of claim 15 , wherein said target polynucleotide is a genomic sequence.
18. The random array of claim 15 , wherein substantially all of said plurality of discrete spaced apart regions have at most a single concatemer attached.
19. The random array of claim 1 , 11 , or 15 , wherein said discrete spaced apart regions are prepared by photolithography.
20. The random array of claim 1 , 11 , or 15 , wherein said inert interregional areas comprise hydrophobic barriers.
21. The random array of claim 11 , wherein said discrete spaced apart regions are arranged on said surface in a rectilinear pattern.