Strain monitoring system and apparatus
A system for monitoring strain as an indicator of biological conditions, such as spinal fusion, glucose levels, spinal loading, and heart rate. The system includes an inter-digitated capacitor sensor, and RF transmitter, and an associated antenna, all of which are microminiature or microscopic in size and can be implanted in a biological host such as a human or animal. An inductively coupled power supply is also employed to avoid the need for implantation of chemical batteries. Power is provided to the sensor and transmitter, and data is transmitted from the sensor, when an external receiving device, such as a handheld RF ID type receiver, is placed proximate the location of the implanted sensor, transmitter and inductively coupled power supply. The implanted sensor, transmitter and inductively coupled power supply can be left in place permanently or removed when desired.
1. An apparatus for sensing strain, comprising:
a sensor;
said sensor comprising an inter-digitated area variation capacitor;
wherein said sensor comprises a plurality of free-standing inter-digitated fingers; and wherein lateral movement of the inter-digitated fingers produces a change in capacitance detected by said sensor;
a transmitter;
said transmitter coupled to said sensor; and
an antenna;
said antenna coupled to said transmitter;
wherein said sensor, said transmitter, and said antenna are adapted for implantation in a biological host;
wherein the sensor is configured to be coupled to an internal body member of the host;
wherein said sensor, said transmitter, and said antenna are adapted for monitoring said change in capacitance to measure a characteristic of loading on said body member.
2. An apparatus as recited in claim 1 :
wherein said body member comprises a first bone segment.
3. An apparatus as recited in claim 2 :
wherein said sensor is adapted for mounting to a fixation device configured to attach to at least said first bone segment and configured to produce a signal representative of strain in said fixation device; and
wherein said transmitter is configured for transmitting said signal representative of strain.
4. An apparatus as recited in claim 3 :
wherein said first bone segment comprises a first vertebra, and wherein said fixation device comprises a spinal fixation device configured to couple a first vertebra to a second vertebra.
5. An apparatus as recited in claim 4 :
wherein said spinal fixation device has a central area;
wherein said spinal fixation device is reduced in width near said central area; and
wherein said sensor, said transmitter, and said antenna are affixed to said spinal fixation device proximate to where said spinal fixation device is reduced in width.
6. An apparatus for sensing strain, comprising:
a sensor;
said sensor comprising an inter-digitated area variation capacitor;
wherein said sensor comprises a plurality of free-standing inter-digitated fingers; and wherein lateral movement of the inter-digitated fingers produces a change in capacitance detected by said sensor;
a transmitter;
said transmitter coupled to said sensor; and
an antenna;
said antenna coupled to said transmitter;
wherein said sensor, said transmitter, and said antenna are adapted for implantation in a biological host; and
wherein said sensor is adapted for measuring skeletal loading via said change in capacitance.
7. A system as recited in claim 6 :
wherein said sensor is adapted for mounting to a fixation device coupled between a first bone segment and a second bone segment;
the sensor being configured to produce a signal representative of strain in said fixation device; and
wherein said transmitter is configured for transmitting said signal representative of strain.
8. A system as recited in claim 6 :
wherein said fixation device has a central area;
wherein said fixation device is reduced in width near said central area; and
wherein said sensor, said transmitter, and said antenna are affixed to said fixation device proximate to where said fixation device is reduced in width.
9. An apparatus for sensing strain, comprising:
a sensor;
said sensor comprising an inter-digitated area variation capacitor;
a transmitter;
said transmitter coupled to said sensor; and
an antenna;
said antenna coupled to said transmitter;
wherein said sensor, said transmitter, and said antenna are adapted for implantation in a biological host;
wherein said sensor is adapted for coupling to a fixation device implanted within the body of the biological host;
wherein said sensor is configured to produce a signal representative of strain in said fixation device; and
wherein said transmitter is configured for transmitting said signal representative of strain;
wherein said inter-digitated area variation capacitor comprises a plurality of free-standing inter-digitated fingers; and
wherein lateral movement of the inter-digitated fingers produces a change in capacitance detected by said sensor.
10. An apparatus as recited in claim 9 :
wherein said fixation device is configured to attach to a first body member and a second body member.
11. An apparatus as recited in claim 10 :
wherein said first body member and a second body member comprise bony segments.
12. An apparatus as recited in claim 9 :
wherein said fixation device has a central area;
wherein said fixation device is reduced in width near said central area; and
wherein said sensor, said transmitter, and said antenna are affixed to said fixation device proximate to where said fixation device is reduced in width.
13. An apparatus as recited in claim 9 , wherein said sensor is encapsulated in a housing such that the sensor is sealed from the environment within the biological host.
14. An apparatus as recited in claim 13 , wherein said transmitter and said antenna form said housing for encapsulating said sensor.
15. An apparatus as recited in claim 13 , wherein said sensor, said transmitter, and said antenna are adapted for permanent implantation in a biological host.
16. An apparatus as recited in claim 9 , wherein said sensor has a sensitivity of 10 −14 F.
17. An apparatus as recited in claim 9 :
wherein lateral movement of the inter-digitated fingers and said change in capacitance are linearly related.
18. An apparatus as recited in claim 9 , further comprising:
a power supply;
said power supply configured for inductive coupling to a power source;
said power supply coupled to said sensor and said transmitter;
wherein said power supply is adapted for implantation in a biological host.
19. An apparatus as recited in claim 18 , wherein said power supply comprises:
an inductive coil;
a rectifier coupled to said inductive coil; and
a regular coupled to said rectifier.
20. An apparatus as recited in claim 9 , further comprising a calibration circuit for calibrating said sensor by adjusting a baseline characteristic of said sensor.