Apparatus and method for counting and identifying particles of interest in a fluid
Apparatus and associate method including a substrate having a first surface; a lid having a second surface; at least one spacer element interposed between the substrate and the lid so as to maintain the first and second surface spaced apart; a partition with a plurality of nanometric size through-openings interposed between the spacer element and the lid defining a first chamber a second chamber fluidically connected together through at least one of the openings; the substrate has at least one first electrode on the first surface and the lid has a second electrode, the first electrode being configured to detect an electric signal associated to the passage of one of said particles through one of the through-openings.
1. An apparatus ( 100 ) for counting particles ( 7 , 7 ′, 7 ″) in a fluid comprising:
a substrate ( 101 ) having a first surface ( 102 );
a lid ( 107 ) having a second surface ( 111 ) facing the first surface ( 102 );
at least one spacer element ( 103 ) interposed between the substrate ( 101 ) and the lid ( 107 ) so as to maintain the first and the second surface ( 102 , 111 ) spaced from one another;
a partition ( 105 ) with a plurality of through-openings ( 106 ) having nanometric size, the partition being interposed between said at least one spacer element ( 104 ) and said lid ( 107 ) so as to define at least one first chamber ( 109 ) between said partition and the lid and at least one second chamber ( 108 ) between said partition ( 105 ) and the substrate ( 101 ), the at least one first chamber and the at least one second chamber ( 108 , 109 ) being fluidically connected to one another through at least one of said openings ( 106 ); the substrate ( 101 ) having at least one first electrode ( 103 ) on the first surface ( 102 ) and the lid ( 107 ) having a second electrode ( 107 , 107 ′), the said at least one first electrode ( 103 ) being configured so as to detect an electric signal associated to the passage of one of said particles ( 7 , 7 ′, 7 ″) through one said through-opening ( 106 ) of said partition ( 105 ),
wherein:
said at least one spacer element ( 104 ) comprises a peripheral element which defines laterally said at least one second chamber ( 108 );
said at least one spacer element ( 104 ) comprises a separator ( 114 ) to separate the at least one second chamber ( 108 ) in a plurality of microchambers ( 108 ′), each microchamber ( 108 ′) being fluidically connected to the at least one first chamber ( 109 ) by at least one opening ( 106 ) of said partition ( 105 );
each microchamber ( 108 ′) comprises a predetermined number of first electrodes ( 103 ) and a determined number of said openings, the number of said first electrodes ( 103 ) being greater than or equivalent to the number of said openings ( 106 ) included in said second chamber ( 108 ); and
said at least one first electrode ( 103 ) is provided with at least one auxiliary focusing electrode ( 103 ′) adapted to direct the particles of interest towards said opening ( 106 ) univocally associated to said first electrode ( 103 ).
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , characterised in that said at least one first electrode ( 103 ) is configured so as to detect said electrical magnitude by means of an electric connection to a respective amplifier (A), the signal detected by the respective said amplifier (A) being associable univocally to one said through-opening ( 106 ) of the partition ( 105 ).
3. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 2 , characterised in that said respective amplifier (A) connected to said at least one electrode ( 103 ) is incorporated into the substrate ( 101 ).
4. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 1 , comprising a plurality of first electrodes ( 103 ).
5. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , characterised in that the number of said first electrodes ( 103 ) is greater or equivalent to the number of said openings ( 106 ).
6. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , wherein said separator ( 114 ) consist of a grid ( 115 ), each mesh of which physically delimits each first electrode ( 103 ) from an adjacent first electrode, and each of the plurality of microchambers ( 108 ′) comprises a single first electrode ( 103 ).
7. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 4 , characterised in that said separator ( 114 ) consist of a grid ( 115 ′), each mesh of which physically delimits a subset of said plurality of first electrodes ( 103 ) from adjacent first electrodes, and each of the plurality of microchambers ( 108 ′) comprises a subset of said plurality of first electrodes.
8. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 1 , wherein said spacer element ( 104 ) is an integral part of the substrate or is fixed thereto.
9. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 1 , wherein, said partition ( 105 ) and the lid ( 107 ) are distinct elements which are stacked one on another in use.
10. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 1 , characterised in that said at least one first electrode ( 103 ) is arranged on said first surface ( 102 ) of the substrate ( 101 ) according to an array.
11. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 1 , characterised in that at least one of said first surface and said second surface ( 102 , 103 , 111 ) is functionalised so as to be suitable to establish in use a bond with said at least one particle of interest.
12. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 1 , characterised in that said at least one of first electrode ( 103 ) is functionalised so as to be suitable to establish in use a bond with said at least one particle of interest.
13. The apparatus ( 100 ) according to claim 1 , characterised in that said second electrode ( 107 , 107 ′) is single and substantially extends on most part of the second surface ( 111 ).
14. A method for counting particles ( 7 , 7 ′, 7 ″) of one or more species contained in a fluid, comprising:
loading said fluid containing at least one of said particles ( 7 , 7 ′, 7 ″) in at least one first microchamber ( 108 , 109 ) defined between appropriately prearranged at least one first electrode ( 103 , 107 ) and partition ( 105 ) with through-openings ( 106 ) having nanometric size;
allowing the at least one particle to migrate from said first microchamber to a second chamber, the second chamber being defined between a second electrode ( 107 , or 103 ) and said partition and being adjacent to the at least one first microchamber, through at least one opening ( 106 ) of the partition;
detecting an electric signal associated to the passage of the at least one particle through said opening;
processing said signal and correlating said signal to a property of said fluid;
identifying at least one particle of a species of interest ( 7 ″) among said at least one particle ( 7 , 7 ′, 7 ″) contained in the fluid with which the microchamber is loaded by constraining said at least one particle of the species of interest ( 7 ″) to at least one surface ( 102 , 103 , 111 ) of said first and/or second chamber, said at least one surface ( 102 103 , 111 ) being previously made suitable to establish in use a molecular bond specifically with particles of said species of interest;
separating particles of no interest ( 7 , 7 ′) present in said first chambers ( 109 , 108 ) by flowing the particles of no interest away from the first microchamber; and
applying a light radiation in order to break said molecular bond after separating the particles of no interest.
15. The method according to claim 14 , further comprising univocally associating in use said at least one first electrode ( 103 ) to one said through-opening ( 106 ) of said partition ( 105 ).
16. The method according to claim 15 , characterised in that said step of processing said detected signal comprises the step of associating said signal with said at least one opening ( 106 ) of the partition, said signal being physically associable to one or more electrodes associated to the opening ( 106 ) itself.
17. The method according to claim 15 , characterised in that said step of detecting an electric signal is performed after the step of univocally associating in use said at least one first electrode ( 103 ) to one said through-opening ( 106 ) of said partition ( 105 ).
18. The method according to claim 14 , characterised in that said property of the fluid is correlated to the number of said particles ( 7 , 7 ′, 7 ″) contained in said fluid.
19. The method according to claim 14 , characterised in that said step of allowing the at least one particle to migrate from said first microchamber ( 108 , 109 ) to said second chamber ( 109 , 108 ) is carried out by applying an electromagnetic force field by means of said at least one first electrode and said second electrode.
20. The method according to claim 14 , characterised in that said step of detecting an electric signal is performed after the step of applying the light radiation.