Using one-way communications in a market-based resource allocation system
Disclosed herein are representative embodiments of methods, apparatus, and systems for distributing a resource (such as electricity) using a resource allocation system. In one exemplary embodiment, a plurality of requests for electricity are received from a plurality of end-use consumers. The requests indicate a requested quantity of electricity and a consumer-requested index value indicative of a maximum price a respective end-use consumer will pay for the requested quantity of electricity. A plurality of offers for supplying electricity are received from a plurality of resource suppliers. The offers indicate an offered quantity of electricity and a supplier-requested index value indicative of a minimum price for which a respective supplier will produce the offered quantity of electricity. A dispatched index value is computed at which electricity is to be supplied based at least in part on the consumer-requested index values and the supplier-requested index values.
1. A method of operating an electrical device in a market-based resource allocation system, comprising:
receiving, by a computing device, a user comfort setting selected by a user, the user comfort setting being selected from at least a first user comfort setting and a second user comfort setting, the first user comfort setting indicating the user's willingness to pay more to achieve a desired performance level for an electrical device relative to the second user comfort setting;
computing, by the computing device, an average dispatched value using multiple dispatched values from a previous time period, the multiple dispatched values representing values at which electricity was dispatched by the market-based resource allocation system during the previous time period;
computing, by the computing device, a probability value of operating the electrical device based on at least the user comfort setting and the average dispatched value; and
based at least in part on the computed probability value, generating a signal for operating the electrical device.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises computing a standard deviation of the multiple dispatched values from the previous time period, and wherein the probability value is additionally based on the standard deviation.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the previous time period is 24 hours or less.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises periodically receiving dispatched values from a central computer in the resource allocation system.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
generating a random number;
determining whether to operate the electrical device by comparing the random number to the probability value; and
generating a signal for causing the electrical device to operate based on the comparison.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selected comfort setting is associated with a weighting factor kw.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the probability value is computed according to the following equation:
r
=
k
W
[
1
2
π
σ
∫
-
∞
P
clear
ⅇ
-
(
P
_
-
x
)
2
2
σ
2
ⅆ
x
-
1
2
]
=
k
W
[
N
(
P
clear
,
P
_
,
σ
)
-
0.5
]
;
r
≥
0
r
=
0
;
otherwise
where N is the cumulative normal distribution, P clear is a current dispatched value, P is the average dispatched value over the time period, and σ is the standard deviation of the dispatched value over the time period.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrical device is a hot water heater.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrical device is an air-conditioning unit; heating unit; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system; hot water heater; refrigerator; dish washer; washing machine; dryer; oven; microwave oven; pump; home lighting system; electrical charger, electric vehicle charger; or home electrical system.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the computing device comprises a computer processor or an integrated circuit.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising repeating the computing at fixed time periods.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the fixed time periods are periods of 15 minutes or less.
13. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing computer-readable instructions for causing a computer to perform a method, the method comprising:
receiving, by the computer, a user comfort setting selected by a user, the user comfort setting being selected from at least a first user comfort setting and a second user comfort setting, the first user comfort setting indicating the user's willingness to pay more to achieve a desired performance level for an electrical device relative to the second user comfort setting;
computing, by the computer, an average dispatched value using multiple dispatched values from a previous time period, the multiple dispatched values representing values at which electricity was dispatched by a market-based resource allocation system during the previous time period;
computing, by the computer, a probability value of operating the electrical device based on at least the user comfort setting and the average dispatched value; and
based at least in part on the computed probability value, generating a signal for operating the electrical device.
14. A system comprising:
computing hardware; and
an electrical device, the system being configured to:
receive, by the computing hardware, a user comfort setting selected by a user, the user comfort setting being selected from at least a first user comfort setting and a second user comfort setting, the first user comfort setting indicating the user's willingness to pay more to achieve a desired performance level for the electrical device relative to the second user comfort setting;
compute, by the computing hardware, an average dispatched value using multiple dispatched values from a previous time period, the multiple dispatched values representing values at which electricity was dispatched by a market-based resource allocation system during the previous time period;
compute, by the computing hardware, a probability value of operating the electrical device based on at least the user comfort setting and the average dispatched value; and
based at least in part on the computed probability value, generating a signal for operating the electrical device.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is an air-conditioning unit.
16. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is a heating unit.
17. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system.
18. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is a hot water heater.
19. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is a refrigerator.
20. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is a dish washer.
21. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is a washing machine.
22. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is a dryer.
23. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is an oven.
24. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is a microwave oven.
25. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is a pump.
26. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is a home lighting system.
27. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is an electric vehicle charger.
28. The system of claim 14 , wherein the electrical device is a home electrical system.
29. A method of operating an electrical charger in a market-based resource allocation system, comprising:
receiving a user comfort setting selected by a user, the user comfort setting being selected from at least a first user comfort setting and a second user comfort setting, the first user comfort setting indicating the user's willingness to pay more to achieve a desired performance level for the electrical charger relative to the second user comfort setting;
computing an average dispatched value using multiple dispatched values from a previous time period, the multiple dispatched values representing values at which electricity was dispatched by a market-based resource allocation system during the previous time period;
computing, by computing hardware, a current rate of charge at which the electrical charger is to operate based on at least the user comfort setting and the average dispatched value; and
generating, by a signal generator, a signal for controlling the electrical charger such that the electrical charger provides a charge at the current rate of charge.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the method further comprises computing a standard deviation of the multiple dispatched values from the previous time period, and wherein the current rate of charge is additionally based on the standard deviation.
31. The method of claim 29 , wherein the method further comprises periodically receiving dispatched values from a central computer in the resource allocation system.
32. The method of claim 29 , wherein the current rate of charge is computed according to the following:
ROC set =ROC des (1 −kP dev )
where ROC set is the current rate of charge, ROC des is a desired rate of charge such that
ROC
des
=
(
SOC
final
-
SOC
obs
)
n
hours
where SOC final is the final state of charge, SOC obs is the current state of charge observed, n hours is the number of hours remaining before the SOC final is to be achieved, k is the user comfort setting, with 0≦k≦∞, P dev is the price deviation such that
P
dev
=
P
now
-
P
avg
P
std
wherein P now is a current price, P avg is the average daily clearing price for energy, and P std is the daily standard deviation of the price.
33. The method of claim 29 , wherein the computing hardware is a computer processor or an integrated circuit.
34. The method of claim 29 , further comprising repeating the computing at fixed time periods.
35. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing computer-readable instructions for causing a computer to perform a method, the method comprising:
receiving a user comfort setting selected by a user, the user comfort setting being selected from at least a first user comfort setting and a second user comfort setting, the first user comfort setting indicating the user's willingness to pay more to achieve a desired performance level for an electrical charger relative to the second user comfort setting;
computing an average dispatched value using multiple dispatched values from a previous time period, the multiple dispatched values representing values at which electricity was dispatched by a market-based resource allocation system during the previous time period;
computing, by the computer, a current rate of charge at which the electrical charger is to operate based on at least the user comfort setting and the average dispatched value; and
generating, by the computer, a signal for controlling the electrical charger such that the electrical charger provides a charge at the current rate of charge.
36. A system comprising:
computing hardware;
signal generation hardware; and
an electrical charger, the system being configured to:
receive a user comfort setting selected by a user, the user comfort setting being selected from at least a first user comfort setting and a second user comfort setting, the first user comfort setting indicating the user's willingness to pay more to achieve a desired performance level for the electrical charger relative to the second user comfort setting;
compute an average dispatched value using multiple dispatched values from a previous time period, the multiple dispatched values representing values at which electricity was dispatched by the market-based resource allocation system during the previous time period;
compute, by the computing hardware, a current rate of charge at which the electrical charger is to operate based on at least the user comfort setting and the average dispatched value; and
generate, by the signal generation hardware, a signal for controlling the electrical charger such that the electrical charger provides a charge at the current rate of charge.