White reflective polymer particles
This invention relates to white reflective polymer particles prepared by a reverse emulsion solvent removal process, electrophoretic fluids comprising such particles, and electrophoretic display devices comprising such fluids.
1. A process for the preparation of white reflective polymer particles for use in electrophoretic devices, comprising the steps of
a) forming a reverse emulsion comprising at least one polymer, at least one white reflective particle, at least one polar solvent, at least one non-polar solvent, and at least one optionally charged surfactant,
b) removing the polar solvent or polar solvents by evaporative methods and
c) not removing the non-polar solvent or non-polar solvents and wherein the white reflective particles comprise an inorganic material having a high refractive index ≧1.8.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the reverse emulsion of step a) is prepared by a1) forming a polar phase by mixing at least one polymer, at least one white reflective particle, and at least one polar solvent, a2) forming a non-polar phase by mixing at least one non-polar solvent, and at least one surfactant, a3) combining the polar phase and the non-polar phase, and a4) homogenising the combined phases to form the reverse emulsion.
3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the white reflective particles are titanium dioxide and/or zinc oxide.
4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer of step a) is hydrophilic and/or charged.
5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the polar solvent used in step a) is water, a low molecular weight alcohol, acetonitrile, DMSO, DMF or mixtures thereof.
6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the polar solvent used in step a) is water and/or ethanol.
7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the non-polar solvent used in step a) is dodecane, tetradecane, decane, nonane, or mixtures thereof.
8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the non-polar solvent used in step a) has a refractive index and a density similar to that of the polymer used in step a).
9. The process according to claim 8 , wherein the non-polar solvent is dodecane.
10. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the white reflective polymer particles are cross-linked during or post particle formation according to steps a) to c).
11. White reflective polymer particles obtained by the process according to claim 1 .
12. A process for the preparation of a mono, bi or polychromal electrophoretic device which comprises utilizing the white reflective polymer particles according to claim 11 .
13. An electrophoretic fluid comprising the white reflective polymer particles according to claim 11 and optionally colored polymer particles comprising an optionally polymerized or co-polymerised dye.
14. The electrophoretic fluid according to claim 13 , wherein the colored polymer particles are copolymers comprising monomer units of at least one monomer, of at least one polymerizable dye, optionally of at least one charged co-monomer, and optionally of at least one crosslinking co-monomer.
15. The electrophoretic fluid according to claim 13 , wherein the polymerizable dye comprises a chromophore, wherein said chromophore is an azo group, anthraquinone group or phthalocyanine group.
16. The electrophoretic fluid according to claim 13 , wherein the colored polymer particles are prepared by a RESR process comprising the steps of a) forming a reverse emulsion comprising at least one polymer, at least one dye, at least one polar solvent, at least one non-polar solvent, and at least one optionally charged surfactant, b) removing the polar solvent or polar solvents by evaporative methods, and c) not removing the non-polar solvent or non-polar solvents.
17. The electrophoretic fluid according to claim 13 , wherein the white reflective polymer particles and the colored polymer particles have a diameter of 50-1000 nm.
18. An electrophoretic display device comprising the electrophoretic fluid according to claim 13 .
19. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 16 , wherein the electrophoretic fluid is applied by a technique selected from inkjet printing, slot die spraying, nozzle spraying, and flexographic printing, or any other contact or contactless printing or deposition technique.
20. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the white reflective particles are titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, alumina, barium sulphate and/or tin dioxide.