Mesh enclosed tissue constructs
Described is a scaffold that is strong enough to resist forces that exist inside a body, while possessing biocompatible surfaces. The scaffold is formed of a layer of mesh (e.g., Stainless Steel or Nitinol) that is tightly enclosed by a multi-layer biological matrix. The biological matrix can include three layers, such a first layer (smooth muscle cells) formed directly on the metal mesh, a second layer (fibroblast/myofibroblast cells) formed on the first layer, and a third layer (endothelial cells) formed on the second layer. The scaffold can be formed to operate as a variety of tissues, such as a heart valve or a vascular graft. For example, the mesh and corresponding biological matrix can be formed as leaflets, such that the scaffold is operable as a tissue heart valve.
1. A scaffold to form tissue membranes, comprising:
at least one layer of mesh having a first side and a second side, the layer of mesh being either a woven wire metal mesh or a flat metal sheet that is acid-etched such that the layer of mesh includes a network of holes passing directly through the mesh from the first side to the second side; and
at least three layers of cells at each side of the mesh enclosing the layer of mesh, such that the at least three layers of cells on the first side interacts with the at least three layers of cells on the second side through the network of holes to provide for structure integration, wherein the at least three layers of cells at each side of the mesh comprise a first layer formed directly on the metal mesh, a second layer formed on the first layer, and a third layer formed on the second layer, such that the first layer of cells is a smooth muscle cell layer, the second layer of cells is a fibroblast/myofibroblast cell layer, and the third layer is an endothelial cell layer.
2. The scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the mesh becomes biologically active when implanted in-vivo.
3. The scaffold of claim 1 , further comprising a frame attached to the layer of mesh with the at least three layers of cells at each side of the mesh, wherein the frame is formed of a biocompatible metal and is covered with a woven polyester cloth.
4. The scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the mesh and at least three layers of cells at each side of the mesh are formed as leaflets, such that the scaffold is operable as a tissue heart valve.
5. The scaffold of claim 4 , wherein the scaffold includes at least two leaflets.
6. The scaffold of claim 5 , further comprising a flexible frame having a saddle-shaped base with at least two upstanding posts, with the leaflets each having a peripheral free portion and a fixed portion, such that the peripheral free portion extends between the posts and the fixed portion is attached to the base.
7. The scaffold of claim 6 , further comprising a frame having a base with three upstanding posts, with the leaflets attached to the frame and between the posts.
8. The scaffold of claim 4 , further comprising a flexible frame having a saddle-shaped base with at least two upstanding posts, with the leaflets each having a peripheral free portion and a fixed portion, such that the peripheral free portion extends between the posts and the fixed portion is attached to the base.
9. The scaffold of claim 4 , further comprising a frame having a base with three upstanding posts, with the leaflets attached to the frame and between the posts, and wherein the frame is formed of a biocompatible metal and is covered with a woven polyester cloth.
10. The scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the layer of mesh is a tubular wire mesh, wherein the at least three layers of cells at each side of the mesh are formed around the mesh to completely or partially conceal the mesh therein, whereby the scaffold is formed in the shape of a vessel to operate as a vascular graft.
11. The scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the mesh is cut to the shape of a heart valve leaflet.
12. The scaffold of claim 11 , wherein a plurality of leaflets are attached together to form a heart valve shape.
13. The scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the mesh is a Nitinol mesh with a thickness between approximately 25 and 76 microns.
14. The scaffold of claim 1 , wherein the smooth muscle cell layer comprises vascular smooth muscle cells, the fibroblast/myofibroblast cell layer comprises vascular fibroblast/myofibroblast cells, and the third layer comprises vascular endothelial cells.