Apparatus and method for extending polyolefin containing photovoltaic panel life span
A photovoltaic cell containing at least one substrate, two electrode layers, an organic photovoltaic layer situated between the two electrode layers, and an oxygen scavenger composition.
1. A photovoltaic cell, comprising:
at least one substrate comprising a polyolefins-based overwrap, wherein the polyolefins-based overwrap comprises two oxygen barrier layers and an oxygen scavenger layer, wherein the oxygen scavenger layer is situated between the two oxygen barrier layers, and wherein the two oxygen barrier layers are situated between two polyolefin layers;
two electrode layers; and
an organic photovoltaic layer situated between the two electrode layers,
wherein the oxygen scavenger layer comprises a trigger mechanism that is capable of initiating the oxygen scavenging when triggered by exposure to UV light, and
wherein the trigger mechanism comprises a UV photoinitiator that, when exposed to UV light, triggers formation of free radicals capable of consuming oxygen.
2. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , where the oxygen scavenger layer comprises a blend of an oxygen barrier polymer and an oxygen scavenger polymer.
3. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least one substrate comprises polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, a polyimide, and combinations thereof.
4. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the organic photovoltaic layer contains an electron acceptor material and an electron donor material.
5. The photovoltaic cell of claim 4 , wherein the electron acceptor material is selected from the group consisting of fullerenes, oxadiazoles, carbon nanorods, discotic liquid crystals, inorganic nanoparticles, inorganic nanorods, and polymers containing moieties capable of accepting electrons or forming stable anions, and combinations thereof.
6. The photovoltaic cell of claim 4 , wherein the electron donor material is selected from the group consisting of discotic liquid crystals, polythiophenes, polyphenylenes, polyphenylvinylenes, polysilanes, polythienylvinylenes, and polyisothianaphthalenes, and combinations thereof.
7. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the two oxygen barrier layers are situated between two adhesive layers and wherein the two adhesive layers are situated between the two polyolefin layers.
8. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the oxygen scavenger layer is selected from the group consisting of ethylenically unsaturated polymers, ethylene methylacrylate cyclohexenylmethyl acrylate terpolymer, ethylene vinyl cyclohexene copolymer, ethylene cyclohexenylmethyl acrylate copolymer, cyclohexenylmethyl acrylate homopolymer, ethylene vinyl toluene copolymer, ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, and combinations thereof.
9. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the oxygen barrier layers are selected from the group consisting of PAN, PVDC, PET, EVOH, nylon, PEN, and combinations thereof.
10. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the oxygen scavenger layer further comprises an oxidation catalyst comprising a transition metal and/or transition metal salt.
11. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the oxygen scavenger layer further comprises an antioxidant.
12. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the organic photovoltaic layer converts ultraviolet radiation into direct current electricity.
13. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of: benzophenone, o-methoxybenzophenone, acetophenone, o-methoxy-acetophenone, acenaphthenequinone, methyl ethyl ketone, valerophenone, hexanophenone, a-phenyl-butyrophenone, p-morpholinopropiophenone, dibenzosuberone, 4-morpholinobenzophenone, benzion, benzion methyl ether, 4-o-morpholinodeoxybenzion, p-diacetylbenzene, 4-aminobenzophenone, 4′-methoxyacetophenone, a-tetralone, 9-acetylphenanthrene, 2-acetylphenanthrene, 10-thioxanthenone, 3-acetylphenanthrene, 3-acetylindole, 9-flourenone, 1-indanone, 1,3,5-triacetylbenzene, thioxanthen-9-one, xanthene-9-one, 7-H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one, benzoin tetrahydropyranyl ether, 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzophenone, 1′-acetonaphthone, 2′-acetonaphthone, acetonaphthone, 2,3-butanedione, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, α,α-diethoxyacetophenone, α,α-dibutoxyacetophenone, and combinations thereof.
14. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of: Rose Bengal, methylene blue, tetraphenyl, and combinations thereof.
15. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 , wherein the oxygen scavenger layer comprises a polymeric initiator selected from the group consisting of: poly(ethylene carbon monoxide), oligo[2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(1-methylvinyl)phenyl]propanone], and combinations thereof.
16. The photovoltaic cell of claim 4 , wherein the electron acceptor material is selected from the group consisting of oxadiazoles, carbon nanorods, discotic liquid crystals, inorganic nanoparticles, inorganic nanorods, and polymers containing moieties capable of accepting electrons or forming stable anions, and combinations thereof.
17. The photovoltaic cell of claim 4 , wherein the electron donor material is selected from the group consisting of discotic liquid crystals, polyphenylenes, polyphenylvinylenes, polysilanes, polythienylvinylenes, and polyisothianaphthalenes, and combinations thereof.
18. A photovoltaic cell, comprising:
at least one substrate comprising a polyolefins-based overwrap, wherein the polyolefins-based overwrap comprises two oxygen barrier layers and an oxygen scavenger layer, wherein the oxygen scavenger layer is situated between the two oxygen barrier layers, and wherein the two oxygen barrier layers are situated between two polyolefin layers;
two electrode layers; and
an organic photovoltaic layer situated between the two electrode layers;
wherein the organic photovoltaic layer converts ultraviolet radiation into direct current electricity,
wherein the oxygen scavenger layer comprises a trigger mechanism that is capable of initiating the oxygen scavenging when triggered by exposure to UV light, and
wherein the trigger mechanism comprises a UV photoinitiator that, when exposed to UV light, triggers formation of free radicals capable of consuming oxygen.