Heliplane rotor thermal management for maintaining dimensional stability
A rotor system is disclosed for a reactive drive rotary wing aircraft. Apparatus and methods are disclosed for maintaining the rigidity of the rotor and eliminating play between flight controls and the rotor by mounting swashplate actuators to a flange rigidly secured to the mast. Apparatus and methods are disclosed for thermal management of the rotor in order to avoid bearing failure or loss of bearing preload. Methods include modulating the temperature of oil pumped over one or more of the mast bearing, swashplate bearing, and spindle bearing. The temperature of air passively or actively drawn through rotor may also be modulated to maintain bearing temperature within a predetermined range. Structures for reducing pressure losses and drag on components due to air flow through the rotor are also disclosed. A rotor facilitating thermal management by oil and air flow is also disclosed.
1. A method for maintaining rigidity of a rotor system, the method comprising:
providing an aircraft having
a rotor system including a hub defining a cavity,
a plurality of blades coupled to the hub and each defining a duct in fluid communication with the cavity,
a plurality of tip jets secured to the blades in fluid communication with the ducts,
a mast having the hub rotationally mounted thereto,
a swashplate surrounding the mast and coupled to the blades and to a plurality of swashplate actuators, and
a shroud surrounding the mast and defining an air channel in fluid communication with the cavity;
during at least one of takeoff and landing, transmitting air having a temperature within a first temperature range through the rotor system;
during sustained longitudinal flight, orienting the mast, rotor hub, and blades to be effective to induce autorotation of the blades; and
during sustained longitudinal flight, inputting heat to the rotor system effective to maintain mechanical slack in the relative movement between the mast and plurality of blades within a predetermined tolerance.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein inputting heat further comprises inputting heat to the rotor system effective to cause harmonics of the rotor system to lie outside the range of primary frequencies of cyclic loads induced in the rotor system by the blades for flight speeds between 250 and 400 miles per hour and advance ratios higher than 1.0.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein inputting heat further comprises inputting heat to the rotor system effective to cause harmonics of the rotor system to lie outside the range of primary frequencies of cyclic loads induced in the rotor system by the blades for flight at speeds above 350 miles per hour and advance ratios higher than 2.0.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rotor system further comprises bearings including at least one of:
a plurality of spindle bearings interposed between the blades and the hub;
a mast bearing interposed between the mast and hub; and
a swashplate bearing interposed between a rotating ring and non-rotating ring of the swashplate.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein inputting heat further comprises pumping heated oil over at least one of the bearings.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein inputting heat further comprises:
inducing air flow through the air channel, cavity, and ducts by centrifugal forces exerted on air within the ducts due to autorotation of the blades; and
heating air flowing through the air channel, cavity, and ducts.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein inputting heat further comprises:
compressing and heating air within a jet engine; and
directing the compressed and heated air through the air channel, cavity, and ducts.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein compressing and heating the air is performed by a bypass turbine.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein compressing and heating the air is effected by an auxiliary compressor coupled to the jet engine.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein directing the compressed and heated air further comprises directing compressed air from the jet engine from a stage located upstream from the combustion stage of the jet engine.
11. A rotorcraft comprising:
an airframe;
a rotor system comprising
a mast mounted to the airframe,
a hub rotatably mounted to the mast and defining a cavity,
a shroud surrounding the mast and defining an air channel in fluid communication with the cavity,
a plurality of blades mounted to the hub, each blade of the plurality of blades defining a duct in fluid communication with the cavity, and
a tip jet mounted to each blade of the plurality of blades to be in fluid communication with the duct corresponding thereto;
a compressed air source;
a flight control system mounted to the airframe, the flight control system being operably connected to the compressed air source and programmed to
direct heated compressed air from the compressed air source through the air channel, cavity, and ducts to the tip jets during at least one of takeoff and landing,
ignite the tip jets only during said directing, and
direct the heated compressed air to the rotor system during sustained longitudinal flight at a rate effective to maintain mechanical slack in the relative motion between the mast and each blade within a predetermined tolerance.
12. The rotorcraft of claim 11 , wherein maintaining the mechanical slack further comprises inputting heat to the rotor system effective to cause harmonics of the rotor system to lie outside the range of primary frequencies of cyclic loads induced in the rotor system by the blades for flight speeds between 250 and 400 miles per hour and advance ratios of higher than 1.0.
13. The rotorcraft of claim 11 , wherein maintaining the mechanical slack further comprises inputting heat to the rotor system effective to cause harmonics of the rotor system to lie outside the range of primary frequencies of cyclic loads induced in the rotor system by the blades for flight at speeds above 350 miles per hour and advance ratios of higher than 2.0.
14. The rotorcraft of claim 11 , wherein the rotor system further comprises bearings including at least one of:
a plurality of feathering spindle bearings interposed between the blades and the hub;
a mast bearing interposed between the mast and hub; and
a swashplate bearing interposed between a rotating ring and non-rotating ring of the swashplate.
15. The rotorcraft of claim 14 , further comprising an oil pump and an oil heater in fluid communication with one or more of the bearings;
wherein the flight control system is programmed to activate at least one of the pump and oil heater effective to maintain slop between the mast and each blade within a predetermined tolerance.
16. The rotorcraft of claim 11 , further comprising:
a plenum in fluid communication with the air channel;
a heating element positioned within the plenum; and
the flight control system, further programmed to activate the heating element effective to maintain slop between the mast and each blade within a predetermined tolerance.
17. The rotorcraft of claim 11 , further comprising:
a plenum in fluid communication with the air channel;
a jet engine secured to the airframe and having at least one turbine selectively in fluid communication with the plenum;
the flight control system, further programmed to selectively direct heated air from the jet engine to the air channel effective to maintain mechanical slack in the relative motion between the mast and blades within a predetermined tolerance.
18. The rotorcraft of claim 17 , wherein the at least one turbine comprises a bypass turbine in fluid communication with the plenum.
19. The rotorcraft of claim 17 , wherein the jet engine comprises an auxiliary compressor in fluid communication with the plenum.
20. The rotorcraft of claim 17 , wherein the jet engine comprises a first compressor, a combustion chamber, and a fluid path between the first compressor and combustion chamber; and
wherein the plenum is in selective fluid communication with the fluid path.