Wet capacitor cathode containing an alkyl-substituted poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
A wet electrolytic capacitor that contains an anodically oxidized porous anode body, a cathode containing a metal substrate coated with a conductive coating, and a working electrolyte that wets the dielectric on the anode. The conductive coating contains an alkyl-substituted poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) having a certain structure. Such polymers can result in a higher degree of capacitance than many conventional types of coating materials. Further, because the polymers are generally semi-crystalline or amorphous, they can dissipate and/or absorb the heat associated with the high voltage. The degree of surface contact between the conductive coating and the surface of the metal substrate may also be enhanced in the present invention by selectively controlling the manner in which the conductive coating is formed.
1. A wet electrolytic capacitor comprising:
an anode comprising a sintered porous anode body that is coated with a dielectric;
a cathode that comprises a metal substrate over which is disposed a conductive polymer coating, wherein the conductive polymer coating contains an alkyl-substituted poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) having the following general structure:
wherein,
n is from 1 to 2,000;
y is from 1 to 10; and
R is a linear or branched, optionally substituted C 1 to C 18 alkyl radical, optionally substituted C 5 to C 12 cycloalkyl radical, optionally substituted C 6 to C 14 aryl radical, optionally substituted C 7 to C 18 aralkyl radical, optionally substituted C 1 to C 4 hydroxyalkyl radical, hydroxyl radical, or a combination thereof; and
a fluid working electrolyte in communication with the anode and the cathode.
2. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein y is from 1 to 3.
3. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein R is hydroxyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, halogen, ether, thioether, disulphide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate, amino, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid, carbonate, carboxylate, cyano, alkylsilane, alkoxysilane, carboxylamide, or a combination thereof.
4. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the alkyl-substituted poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) has the following general structure:
wherein, R 2 is hydrogen or an alkyl group.
5. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the conductive coating contains hydroxyethylated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), hydroxymethylated poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), or a combination thereof.
6. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the metal substrate includes titanium or tantalum.
7. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the metal substrate has a generally cylindrical shape.
8. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the porous body is formed from a tantalum powder.
9. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the fluid electrolyte is aqueous.
10. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the fluid electrolyte includes sulfuric acid.
11. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is in the form of a casing within which the anode and the fluid electrolyte are positioned.
12. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the anode body contains a sidewall positioned between a proximal end and an opposing distal end, wherein a plurality of longitudinally extending channels recessed into the sidewall.
13. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the anode body has a generally cylindrical shape.
14. A wet electrolytic capacitor comprising:
an anode containing a generally cylindrical, sintered porous anode body that is coated with a dielectric, the anode body containing tantalum, wherein the anode further comprises an anode lead wire that extends from a proximal end of the anode in the longitudinal direction;
a fluid working electrolyte; and
a generally cylindrical metal casing within which the anode and the fluid electrolyte are positioned, wherein a conductive polymer coating is disposed on the metal casing so that the coating is in communication with the fluid electrolyte, wherein the conductive polymer coating contains an alkyl-substituted poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) having the following general structure:
wherein,
n is from 1 to 2,000;
y is from 1 to 10; and
R is a linear or branched, optionally substituted C 1 to C 18 alkyl radical, optionally substituted C 5 to C 12 cycloalkyl radical, optionally substituted C 6 to C 14 aryl radical, optionally substituted C 7 to C 18 aralkyl radical, optionally substituted C 1 to C 4 hydroxyalkyl radical, hydroxyl radical, or a combination thereof.
15. A method for forming a cathode of a wet capacitor, the method comprising:
applying a colloidal suspension to a metal substrate, wherein the colloidal suspension comprises an alkyl-substituted 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene precursor monomer, surfactant, and a solvent, wherein the precursor monomer is an alkyl-substituted 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene having the following general structure:
wherein,
y is from 1 to 10; and
R is a linear or branched, optionally substituted C 1 to C 18 alkyl radical, optionally substituted C 5 to C 12 cycloalkyl radical, optionally substituted C 6 to C 14 aryl radical, optionally substituted C 7 to C 18 aralkyl radical, optionally substituted C 1 to C 4 hydroxyalkyl radical, hydroxyl radical, or a combination thereof;
placing an electrode in contact with the metal substrate; and
supplying a current feed to the electrode to induce electrolysis and oxidative polymerization of the precursor monomer, thereby forming a conductive polymer coating that contains an alkyl-substituted poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein y is from 1 to 3.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein R is hydroxyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, halogen, ether, thioether, disulphide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate, amino, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid, carbonate, carboxylate, cyano, alkylsilane, alkoxysilane, carboxylamide, or a combination thereof.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the precursor monomer is hydroxyethylated 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, hydroxymethylated 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, or a combination thereof.
19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the metal substrate includes titanium or tantalum.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the surfactant is an anionic surfactant, nonionic surfactant, or a combination thereof.
21. The method of claim 15 , wherein the colloidal suspension includes a sulfonic acid.
22. The method of claim 15 , wherein the solvent is water.
23. The method of claim 15 , wherein the colloidal suspension and the conductive polymer coating are both free of high energy iron radicals.
24. The method of claim 15 , wherein precursor monomers constitute from about 0.1 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of the colloidal suspension, surfactants constitute from about 0.2 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of the colloidal suspension, and sulfonic acids constitute from about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of the colloidal suspension.
25. A wet capacitor cathode formed from the method of claim 15 .