Nanopore sequencing devices and methods

1. A device for determining polymer sequence information comprising: a substrate comprising an array of nanopores; each nanopore fluidically connected to a separate upper fluidic region and to a lower fluidic region; wherein each upper fluidic region is fluidically connected through an upper resistive opening to an upper liquid volume, wherein each nanopore's lower fluidic region is separate and is fluidically connected through a lower resistive opening to a lower liquid volume, wherein a measurement electrode extends into each upper fluidic region.

2. The device of claim 1 wherein the substrate is a semiconductor comprising circuit elements.

3. The device of claim 2 wherein either the upper fluidic region or the lower fluidic region for each nanopore or both the lower fluidic region and the upper fluidic region for each nanopore is electrically connected to a circuit element.

4. A polymer sequencing device comprising a semiconductor chip, the semiconductor chip comprising:

a nanopore layer comprising an array of nanopores, each nanopore having a cross sectional dimension of 1 to 10 nanometers, and having a top and a bottom opening, wherein the bottom opening of each nanopore opens into a discrete reservoir, resulting in an array of reservoirs, wherein each reservoir comprises one or more electrodes, and wherein each reservoir is connected to a lower fluidic region through a resistive opening,

wherein the semiconductor chip comprises an array of circuit elements, wherein each of the electrodes in the array of reservoirs is connected to at least one circuit element on the semiconductor chip.

5. A method for determining sequence information about a polymer molecule comprising:

a) providing a device comprising a substrate having an array of nanopores; each nanopore fluidically connected to a separate upper fluidic region and to a separate lower fluidic region; wherein each upper fluidic region is fluidically connected through a an upper resistive opening to an upper liquid volume; and each lower fluidic region is connected to a lower liquid volume through a lower resistive opening, and wherein the upper liquid volume and the lower liquid volume are each fluidically connected to two or more fluidic regions, wherein the device comprises an upper drive electrode in the upper liquid volume, a lower drive electrode in the lower liquid volume, and a measurement electrode in either the upper liquid volume or the lower liquid volume;

b) placing a polymer molecule to be sequenced into one or more upper fluidic regions;

c) applying a voltage across the upper and lower drive electrodes so as to pass a current through the nanopore such that the polymer molecule is translated through the nanopore;

d) measuring the current through the nanopore over time; and

e) using the measured current over time in step (d) to determine sequence information about the polymer molecule.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the substrate comprises electronic circuits electrically coupled to the measurement electrodes which at least partially process signals from the measurement electrodes.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the upper drive electrode and lower drive electrode are each biased to a voltage above or below ground, and at least a portion of the substrate electrically connected to the electronic circuits is held at ground potential.

8. The polymer sequencing device of claim 4 wherein the array of nanopores comprises an array of holes in a solid substrate, each hole comprising a protein nanopore.

9. The polymer sequencing device of claim 8 wherein each protein nanopore is held in place in its hole with a lipid bilayer.

10. The polymer sequencing device of claim 4 wherein the top opening of the nanopores open into an upper reservoir.

11. The polymer sequencing device of claim 4 wherein the circuit elements comprise amplifiers, analog to digital converters, or clock circuits.