Switches for use in microelectromechanical and other systems, and processes for making same

1. A switch, comprising:

an electrically-conductive first housing;

a first electrical conductor suspended within and electrically isolated from the electrically-conductive first housing;

an electrically-conductive second housing;

a second electrical conductor suspended within and electrically isolated from the electrically-conductive second housing;

a third electrical conductor moving between a first position at which the third electrical conductor is electrically isolated from the first and second electrical conductors, and a second position at which the third electrical conductor is in electrical contact with the first and second electrical conductors;

a first actuator comprising an electrically-conductive base and an electrically-conductive arm having a first end restrained by the electrically-conductive base, wherein the third electrical conductor is supported by the electrically-conductive arm, and the electrically-conductive arm deflects and moves the third electrical conductor between the first and second positions; and

an electrically-conductive hub permanently connected to the first electrical conductor and selectively electrically connectable to the second electrical conductor via transitions of the third electrical conductor to and from the first and second positions.

2. The switch of claim 1 , further comprising:

an electrically-insulative substrate; and

a ground plane disposed on the electrically-insulative substrate;

wherein the electrically-conductive first and second housings are in electrical contact with the ground plane, and the electrically-conductive base of the first actuator is disposed on the electrically-insulative substrate.

3. A switch, comprising:

an electrically-conductive first housing;

a first electrical conductor suspended within and electrically isolated from the electrically-conductive first housing;

an electrically-conductive second housing;

a second electrical conductor suspended within and electrically isolated from the electrically-conductive second housing;

a third electrical conductor moving between a first position at which the third electrical conductor is electrically isolated from the first and second electrical conductors, and a second position at which the third electrical conductor is in electrical contact with the first and second electrical conductors;

a first actuator comprising an electrically-conductive base and an electrically-conductive arm having a first end restrained by the electrically-conductive base, wherein the third electrical conductor is supported by the electrically-conductive arm, and the electrically-conductive arm deflects and moves the third electrical conductor between the first and second positions;

an electrically-insulative substrate;

a ground plane disposed on the electrically-insulative substrate; and

an electrically-conductive hub to which the first electrical conductor is electrically connected;

wherein the electrically-conductive first and second housings are in electrical contact with the ground plane, and the electrically-conductive base of the first actuator is disposed on the electrically-insulative substrate; and

wherein the third electrical conductor is spaced apart from the electrically-conductive hub and the second electrical conductor when the third electrical conductor is in the first position, and the third electrical conductor contacts the electrically-conductive hub and the second electrical conductor when the third electrical conductor is in the second position.

4. The switch of claim 3 , further comprising:

an electrically-conductive third housing;

a forth electrical conductor suspended within and electrically isolated from the electrically-conductive third housing;

a fifth electrical conductor moving between a first position at which the fifth electrical conductor is spaced apart from the electrically-conductive hub and the fourth electrical conductor, and a second position at which the fifth electrical conductor contacts the electrically-conductive hub and the fourth electrical conductor; and

a second actuator comprising an electrically-conductive base and an electrically-conductive arm having a first end restrained by the electrically-conductive base of the second actuator, wherein the fifth electrical conductor is supported by the electrically-conductive arm of the second actuator, and the electrically-conductive arm of the second actuator deflects and moves the fifth electrical conductor between the first and second positions of the fifth electrical conductor.

5. The switch of claim 3 , further comprising:

an electrically-conductive fourth housing;

a sixth electrical conductor suspended within and electrically isolated from the electrically-conductive fourth housing;

a seventh electrical conductor moving between a first position at which the seventh electrical conductor is spaced apart from the electrically-conductive hub and the sixth electrical conductor, and a second position at which the seventh electrical conductor contacts the electrically-conductive hub and the sixth electrical conductor; and

a third actuator comprising an electrically-conductive base and an electrically-conductive arm having a first end restrained by the electrically-conductive base of the third actuator, wherein the seventh electrical conductor is supported by the electrically-conductive arm of the third actuator, and the electrically-conductive arm of the third actuator deflects and moves the seventh electrical conductor between the first and second positions of the seventh electrical conductor.

6. The switch of claim 5 , further comprising:

an electrically-conductive fifth housing;

an eighth electrical conductor suspended within and electrically isolated from the electrically-conductive fifth housing;

a ninth electrical conductor moving between a first position at which the ninth electrical conductor is spaced apart from the electrically-conductive hub and the eighth electrical conductor, and a second position at which the ninth electrical conductor contacts the electrically-conductive hub and the eighth electrical conductor; and

a fourth actuator comprising an electrically-conductive base and an electrically-conductive arm having a first end restrained by the electrically-conductive base of the fourth actuator, wherein the ninth electrical conductor is supported by the electrically-conductive arm of the fourth actuator, and the electrically-conductive arm of the fourth actuator deflects and moves the ninth electrical conductor between the first and second positions of the ninth electrical conductor.

7. The switch of claim 1 , wherein the third electrical conductor adjoins a second end of the electrically-conductive arm.

8. The switch of claim 1 , wherein:

the electrically-conductive arm comprises an electrically conductive first portion located adjacent the electrically-conductive base, and an electrically conductive second portion located adjacent the first portion, the second portion facing and being spaced apart above a ground plane; and

the second portion, when subjected to a voltage potential, is operative to develop an electrostatic force that attracts the second portion toward the ground plane thereby causing the third electrical conductor to move from the first to the second position.

9. The switch of claim 8 , wherein the electrically-conductive arm bends in response to the attraction of the second portion of the electrically-conductive arm toward the ground plane.

10. The switch of claim 8 , wherein the electrically-conductive arm further comprises an electrically-insulative third portion located adjacent the second portion, and an electrically-conductive fourth portion located adjacent the third portion of the electrically-conductive arm and the third electrical contact.

11. The switch of claim 10 , wherein:

the first portion of the electrically-conductive arm adjoins and is restrained by the electrically-conductive base;

the second portion of the electrically-conductive arm adjoins the first portion of the electrically-conductive arm;

the third portion of the electrically-conductive arm adjoins the second portion of the electrically-conductive arm;

the fourth portion of the electrically-conductive arm adjoins the third portion of the electrically-conductive arm and the third electrical conductor.

12. The switch of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrical conductors each have a substantially rectangular cross section, and the third electrical conductor is a tab.

13. The switch of claim 2 , wherein the ground plane, the electrically-conductive first and second housings, the first electrical conductor, the second electrical conductor, the third electrical conductor, and the actuator comprise layers of an electrically-conductive material.

14. A switch, comprising:

an electrically-insulative substrate;

a first, second, and third electrical conductor;

an electrically-conductive hub electrically connected to the first electrical conductor; and

an actuator comprising a base disposed on the electrically-insulative substrate, and an arm having a first end restrained by the base, and a second end that adjoins the third electrical conductor;

wherein the third electrical conductor moves between a first position at which the third electrical conductor is spaced apart from the electrically-conductive hub and the second electrical conductor, and a second position at which the third electrical conductor contacts the electrically-conductive hub and the second electrical conductor; and

wherein the arm deflects toward the substrate and thereby moves the third electrical conductor from the first to the second position.

15. The switch of claim 14 , further comprising:

a fourth and fifth electrical conductor; and

a second actuator comprising a base disposed on the electrically-insulative substrate, and an arm having a first end restrained by the base of the second actuator, and a second end that adjoins the fifth electrical conductor;

wherein the fifth electrical conductor moving between a first position at which the fifth electrical conductor is spaced apart from the electrically-conductive hub and fourth electrical conductor, and a second position at which the fifth electrical conductor contacts the electrically-conductive hub and the fourth electrical conductor; and

wherein the arm of the second actuator deflects toward the substrate and thereby moves the fifth electrical conductor from the first to the second position of the fifth electrical conductor.

16. The switch of claim 14 , further comprising

a ground plane disposed on the electrically-insulative substrate; and

a first and second electrically-conductive housing in electrical contact with the ground plane;

wherein the first electrical conductor is positioned within the first electrically-conductive housing and is spaced apart from adjacent surfaces of the first electrically-conductive housing by a first air gap; and

wherein the second electrical conductor is positioned within the second electrically-conductive housing and is spaced apart from adjacent surfaces of the second electrically-conductive housing by a second air gap.

17. The switch of claim 14 , wherein the arm comprises

an electrically conductive first portion that adjoins the base,

an electrically conductive second portion that adjoins the first portion,

an electrically insulative third portion that adjoins the second portion, and

an electrically conductive fourth portion that adjoins the third portion and the third electrical conductor.

18. The switch of claim 17 , further comprising:

a ground plane disposed on the electrically-insulative substrate;

wherein the second portion of the arm faces and is spaced apart from the ground plane; and

wherein the second portion, when subjected to a voltage potential, is operative to develop an electrostatic force that attracts the second portion of the arm toward the ground plane thereby causing the third electrical conductor to move from the first to the second position.

19. The switch of claim 18 , wherein the arm is configured to bends in response to the attraction of the second portion of the arm toward the ground plane.

20. The switch of claim 16 , wherein the ground plane, the electrically-conductive hub, the first and second electrically-conductive housings, the first electrical conductor, the second electrical conductor, the third electrical conductor, and the actuator comprise layers of an electrically-conductive material.