Wet electrolytic capacitor containing a gelled working electrolyte
A wet electrolytic capacitor is provided. The capacitor contains an anode comprising an anodically oxidized pellet formed from a pressed and sintered powder, a cathode that contains a metal substrate coated with a conductive polymer, and a working electrolyte in communication with the anode and the cathode. The working electrolyte is in the form of a gel and comprises an ammonium salt of an organic acid, inorganic oxide particles, an acid, and a solvent system that comprises water. The working electrolyte has a pH value of from about 5.0 to about 8.0.
1. A wet electrolytic capacitor comprising:
an anode comprising an anodically oxidized pellet formed from a pressed and sintered powder, wherein the powder is formed from tantalum particles;
a cathode that comprises a metal substrate coated with a conductive polymer; and
a working electrolyte in communication with the anode and the cathode, wherein the working electrolyte is in the form of a gel and comprises an ammonium salt of an organic acid, inorganic oxide particles, an acid, and an aqueous solvent system that comprises water, wherein the working electrolyte has a pH value of from about 5.0 to about 8.0.
2. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the working electrolyte has a pH value of from about 6.0 to about 7.0.
3. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the working electrolyte has a conductivity of from about 10 to about 80 milliSiemens per centimeter, determined at a temperature of 25° C.
4. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the working electrolyte has a conductivity of from about 20 to about 60 milliSiemens per centimeter, determined at a temperature of 25° C.
5. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the working electrolyte exhibits a phase angle δ of from 0° to about 20°.
6. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the working electrolyte exhibits a phase angle δ of from about 0.2° to about 2°.
7. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the working electrolyte exhibits a storage modulus G′ of about 5 kilopascals or more.
8. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor is capable of being charged to an operating voltage of from about 200 volts to about 240 volts, and wherein the pellet of the anode is anodically oxidized at a formation voltage of from about 220 volts to about 250 volts.
9. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the organic acid of the ammonium salt is a polyprotic acid.
10. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 9 , wherein the polyprotic acid is adipic acid, α-tartaric acid, meso-tartaric acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, or a combination thereof.
11. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein ammonium salts of organic acids constitute from about 5 wt. % to about 35 wt. % of the working electrolyte.
12. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the acid includes ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
13. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein acids constitute from about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of the working electrolyte.
14. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the solvent system further includes a secondary solvent.
15. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 14 , wherein the secondary solvent is ethylene glycol.
16. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 14 , wherein water constitutes from about 35 wt. % to about 66 wt. % of the electrolyte and secondary solvents constitute from about 10 wt,% to about 35 wt. % of the electrolyte.
17. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic oxide particles constitute from about 1 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of the electrolyte.
18. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic oxide particles have an average particle size of from about 1 to about 500 nanometers and a specific surface area of from about 100 m 2 /g to about 600 m 2 /g.
19. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic oxide particles are fumed silica particles.
20. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the anode is planar and has a thickness of about 5 millimeters or less.
21. The wet electrolyte capacitor of claim 20 , wherein a leadwire extends from the planar anode that has a bent configuration.
22. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 20 , wherein the planar anode has a D-shape.
23. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the tantalum particles are flake particles having an aspect ratio of from about 2 to about 100.
24. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the metal substrate includes titanium.
25. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the conductive polymer is a substituted polythiophene.
26. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 25 , wherein the substituted polythiophene is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).
27. An implantable medical device comprising the wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 .
28. A method for forming a wet electrolytic capacitor, the method comprising:
forming a mixture that comprises an ammonium salt of an organic acid, inorganic oxide particles, an acid, and an aqueous solvent system that comprises water;
inducing gelation of the mixture so that it exhibits a first phase angle δ of from about 50° to 90°;
placing the gelled mixture into communication with an anode, cathode, or both, wherein the anode comprises an anodically oxidized pellet formed from a pressed and sintered powder wherein the powder is formed from tantalum particles, and the cathode comprises a metal substrate coated with a conductive polymer; and
thereafter, allowing the mixture to further gel to form a working electrolyte that exhibits a second phase angle δ of from 0° to about 20°, wherein the working electrolyte further has a pH value of from about 5.0 to about 8.0.
29. The method of claim 28 , wherein gelation is ultrasonically induced.
30. The method of claim 28 , wherein the anode is impregnated with the gelled mixture.
31. The method of claim 28 , wherein the gelled mixture exhibits a viscosity of from about 1 to about 40 centipoise as determined using a Brookfield LVT viscometer (spindle # 3 at 60 rpm) at a temperature of 25° C.
32. The method of claim 28 , wherein the gelled mixture exhibits a phase angle δ of from about 80° to 90° and the working electrolyte exhibits a phase angle δ of from 0.2° to about 2°.
33. The method of claim 28 , wherein the gelled mixture exhibits a storage modulus G′ of about 0.01 kPa or less and the working electrolyte exhibits a storage modulus of about 5 kPa or more.
34. The method of claim 28 , wherein the electrolyte is allowed to further gel for at least 48 hours.