Method for realizing an optical waveguide in a substrate by means of a femtosecond laser

1. A method of fabricating a waveguide in a substrate using a femtosecond laser system, such waveguide having a birefringence axis tilted at a fixed angle for at least a segment, comprising:

preparing a substrate in which the waveguide is to be fabricated, the substrate having a free surface upon which a femtosecond pulsed laser beam is configured to impinge;

positioning an immersion lens apt to focus the laser beam in the substrate;

introducing a first optical element;

making the laser beam impinge on the first optical element, which directs the laser beam towards the immersion lens;

focusing the femtosecond pulsed laser beam at a given depth inside the substrate, in order to induce a refractive index change in a volume of said substrate around the focus, wherein the laser beam propagates in the substrate along a direction, said focusing including making the laser beam impinge on said-immersion lens in a first position;

varying the propagation direction of the laser beam in the substrate, maintaining the beam focused, translating or rotating the first optical element, in order to operate a translation of the laser beam, to modify the impinging position of the laser beam on the immersion lens, in order to reach a first propagation direction forming a first non-zero angle with respect to the normal direction to the free surface of the substrate;

translating the laser beam focus with respect to the substrate in order to create a first waveguide segment, defined by adjacent volumes in which the refractive index has been modified, wherein the birefringence axis of the formed first waveguide segment is at said fixed angle, which is a function of the first non-zero angle describing the reached first propagation direction of the laser beam in the substrate.

2. The method of claim 1 , including impinging said laser beam onto said immersion lens in a direction substantially parallel to an objective axis defined by said immersion lens.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein varying the propagation direction of the laser beam in said substrate includes keeping said depth of said focus in the substrate substantially constant.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein translating the laser beam focus includes keeping said depth of said focus in the substrate substantially constant.

5. The method of claim 1 , comprising:

varying the first propagation direction of the laser beam inside the substrate, keeping the beam focused, translating or rotating the first optical element, in order to operate a translation of the laser beam, to modify the impinging position of the laser beam on the immersion lens, in order to reach a second propagation direction having a second non-zero angle with respect to the first propagation direction;

translating the laser beam focus with respect to the substrate in order to create a second waveguide segment, defined by adjacent volumes in which the refractive index has been modified, wherein said second waveguide segment has a birefringence axis at a second fixed angle, which is a function of the second propagation direction.

6. The method of claim 4 , comprising:

keeping the translation direction of the focus with respect to the substrate substantially constant before, after and throughout the action of varying the first propagation direction.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein translating said laser beam comprises:

translating the laser beam on a plane containing said propagating direction outside said substrate in order to impinge on the immersion lens at a fixed position.

8. The method of claim 1 further comprises, before focusing the laser beam:

reducing the laser beam spot size, in order to make the laser beam spot size smaller than an aperture of said immersion lens.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein varying the first propagation direction comprises:

making the laser beam impinge on the focusing immersion lens at a second position, wherein this second position is at a determined distance with respect to the first position.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein translating said laser beam or translating or rotating the optical element comprises:

introducing a spherical lens with a long focal distance in the laser beam path;

translating the spherical lens, in order to translate the incidence position of the laser beam on the immersion lens.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first non-zero angle formed between the first propagation direction of the laser beam in the substrate and the direction orthogonal to the substrate surface ranges between 0° and 45°.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein a propagation direction of the laser beam outside the substrate is substantially orthogonal to the translation direction of the laser beam focus with respect to the substrate.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein a propagation direction of the laser beam outside the substrate is substantially orthogonal to the translation direction of the laser beam.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes a dielectric material.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein a cross section of the modified region in the laser beam focus has a substantially elliptical shape.

16. The method of claim 1 , comprising:

preparing the laser beam in such a way that the laser beam is substantially symmetric with respect to an axis given by the propagation direction of the laser beam outside the substrate.