Use of expanded graphite in lithium/sulphur batteries
The present invention relates to a solid composite for use in the cathode of a lithium-sulphur electric current producing cell wherein the solid composite comprises 1 to 75 wt.-% of expanded graphite, 25 to 99 wt.-% of sulphur, 0 to 50 wt.-% of one or more further conductive agents other than expanded graphite, and 0 to 50 wt.-% one or more binder, based on the total amount of the solid composite, a lithium-sulphur electric current producing cell comprising (i) a cathode comprising the solid composite, (ii) an anode and (iii) an electrolyte interposed between said cathode and said anode, and a process for preparing the solid composite comprising the steps (I) preparing a slurry comprising sulphur, expanded graphite, and optionally further components in a liquid medium by dispersing the sulphur, the expanded graphite, and optionally the further components in the liquid medium; (II) casting the slurry provided in step (I) on a substrate or placing the slurry provided in step (I) into a mold; and (III) removing some or all of the liquid medium from the slurry cast in step (II) to form a solid composite.
1. A solid composite for use in a cathode of a lithium-sulphur electric current producing cell wherein the solid composite comprises
1 to 75 wt.-% of expanded graphite,
25 to 99 wt.-% of sulphur,
1 to 50 wt.-% of one or more further conductive agents other than expanded graphite, and
0 to 50 wt.-% one or more binder,
based on the total amount of the solid composite.
2. The solid composite according to claim 1 wherein the solid composite comprises
5 to 45 wt.-% of expanded graphite,
55 to 95 wt.-% of sulphur,
1 to 50 wt.-% of one or more further conductive agents other than expanded graphite, and
0 to 25 wt.-% one or more binder,
based on the total amount of the solid composite.
3. The solid composite according to claim 1 wherein the distance between expanded layers of the expanded graphite has an average value of 1 to 5 micrometer.
4. The solid composite according to claim 1 comprising 5 to 25 wt.-% of the one or more further conductive agents other than expanded graphite based on the total amount of the solid composite.
5. The solid composite according to claim 4 wherein the one or more further conductive agents are selected from the group consisting of carbon black, graphite, graphene, carbon fibres, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, carbon prepared by heat-treating cork or pitch, metal flakes, a metal powder, a metal compound, and mixtures thereof.
6. The solid composite according to claim 1 wherein the solid composite further comprises one or more binder.
7. The solid composite according to claim 6 wherein the one or more binder is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylacetate, polyvinylalcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, alkylated polyethylene oxide, cross linked polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl ether, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinylidene fluoride, a copolymer of polyhexafluoropropylene and polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(ethyl acrylate), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyridine, polystyrene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, derivatives thereof, blends thereof, and copolymers thereof.
8. The solid composite according to claim 1 wherein the solid composite further comprises one or more electrolytes.
9. A lithium-sulphur electric current producing cell comprising
(i) a cathode comprising the solid composite according to claim 1 ,
(ii) an anode,
(iii) an electrolyte interposed between said cathode and said anode.
10. The lithium-sulphur electric current producing cell according to claim 9 wherein the anode comprises one or more anode active materials selected from the group consisting of lithium metal; lithium containing alloys; lithium-intercalated carbons; and lithium-intercalated graphite.
11. The lithium-sulphur electric current producing cell according to claim 9 wherein the electrolyte comprises one or more materials selected from the group consisting of liquid electrolytes, gel polymer electrolytes, and solid polymer electrolytes.
12. The lithium-sulphur electric current producing cell according to claim 9 wherein the electrolyte comprises
(a) one or more ionic electrolyte salts; and
(b) one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of polyethers, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides, polyimides, polyphophazenes, polyacrylonitriles, polysiloxanes; derivatives thereof, blends thereof, and copolymers thereof; and/or
(c) one or more electrolyte solvents selected from the group consisting of N-methyl acetamide, acetonitrile, carbonates, sulfolanes, sulfones, N-substituted pyrrolidones, acyclic ethers, cyclic ethers, xylene, polyether including glymes, and siloxanes.
13. The lithium-sulphur electric current producing cell according to claim 9 wherein the cathode further comprises a current collector.
14. The lithium-sulphur electric current producing cell according to claim 9 wherein the cell further comprises a separator between the anode and the cathode.
15. The lithium-sulphur electric current producing cell according to claim 10 wherein the lithium containing alloy comprises at least one of a lithium-aluminum alloy, a lithium-tin alloy, a lithium magnesium alloy, and a lithium silver alloy.