Methods for processing titanium alloys
Methods of refining the grain size of a titanium alloy workpiece include beta annealing the workpiece, cooling the beta annealed workpiece to a temperature below the beta transus temperature of the titanium alloy, and high strain rate multi-axis forging the workpiece. High strain rate multi-axis forging is employed until a total strain of at least 1 is achieved in the titanium alloy workpiece, or until a total strain of at least 1 and up to 3.5 is achieved in the titanium alloy workpiece. The titanium alloy of the workpiece may comprise at least one of grain pinning alloying additions and beta stabilizing content effective to decrease alpha phase precipitation and growth kinetics.
1. A method of processing a workpiece comprising a titanium alloy, the method comprising:
beta annealing the workpiece;
cooling the beta annealed workpiece to a temperature below a beta transus temperature of the titanium alloy; and
forging the workpiece along a plurality of axes, wherein the forging the workpiece along a plurality of axes comprises
press forging the workpiece in a forging temperature range along a first axis of the workpiece with a strain rate that adiabatically heats an internal region of the workpiece,
press forging the workpiece in the forging temperature range along a second axis of the workpiece with a strain rate that adiabatically heats the internal region of the workpiece,
press forging the workpiece in the forging temperature range along a third axis of the workpiece with a strain rate that adiabatically heats the internal region of the workpiece,
wherein the first axis, the second axis, and the third axis are not the same or parallel, and
repeating at least one of the press forgings,
wherein the forging the workpiece along a plurality of axes results in a total true strain of at least 1.0 in the workpiece.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forging the workpiece along a plurality of axes results in a total true strain in the range of at least 1.0 up to less than 3.5 in the workpiece.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein a strain rate used in the forging the workpiece along a plurality of axes is in the range of 0.2 s −1 to 0.8 s −1 .
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the workpiece comprises one of an alpha+beta titanium alloy and a metastable beta titanium alloy.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the workpiece comprises an alpha+beta titanium alloy.
6. The method of claim 4 or 5 , wherein the titanium alloy comprises at least one of grain pinning alloying additions and beta stabilizing content effective to decrease alpha phase precipitation and growth kinetics.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the workpiece comprises a titanium alloy selected from Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo alloy (UNS R56260), Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si alloy (UNS R54620), Ti-4Al-2.5V alloy (UNS R54250), Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy (UNS R56700), and Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn alloy (UNS R56620).
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein cooling the beta annealed workpiece comprises cooling the workpiece to ambient temperature.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein cooling the beta annealed workpiece comprises cooling the workpiece to a temperature at or near the workpiece forging temperature.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein beta annealing the workpiece comprises heating the workpiece at a beta annealing temperature in a range of the beta transus temperature of the titanium alloy up to 300° F. (167° C.) above the beta transus temperature of the titanium alloy.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein beta annealing the workpiece comprises heating the workpiece for a time within the range of 5 minutes to 24 hours.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, prior to cooling the beta annealed workpiece, plastically deforming the workpiece at temperatures within the beta phase field of the titanium alloy prior to cooling the beta annealed workpiece.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein plastically deforming the workpiece comprises at least one of drawing, upset forging, and high strain rate multi-axis forging the workpiece.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein plastically deforming the workpiece comprises deforming the workpiece at temperatures in the range of the beta transus temperature of the titanium alloy up to 300° F. (167° C.) above the beta transus temperature of the titanium alloy.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein plastically deforming the workpiece comprises high strain rate multi-axis forging the workpiece, and wherein cooling the workpiece comprises high strain rate multi-axis forging the workpiece as the workpiece cools to a temperature in the alpha+beta phase field of the titanium alloy.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein plastically deforming the workpiece comprises upset forging the workpiece to a beta-upset strain in the range of 0.1 to 0.5.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the press forgings are conducted while the workpiece is at temperatures in a range of 100° F. (55.6° C.) below the beta transus temperature of the titanium alloy to 700° F. (388.9° C.) below the beta transus temperature of the titanium alloy.
18. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, between successive press forgings, allowing the adiabatically heated internal region of the workpiece to cool to a temperature at which the next press forging is conducted.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein, between successive press forgings, the adiabatically heated internal region of the workpiece is cooled for a time in the range of 5 seconds to 120 seconds before the next press forging is conducted.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein dies of a forge used to press forge the workpiece are heated to a temperature no less than 100° F. (55.6° C.) below the temperature of the workpiece at which the workpiece is press forged.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein after a total true strain of at least 1.0 is achieved, the workpiece comprises an average alpha particle grain size in the range of 4 μm or less.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the titanium alloy is Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si alloy (UNS R54620) and the forging temperature range is 1120° F. (604.4° C.) to 1520° F. (826.7° C.).
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the titanium alloy is Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo alloy (UNS R56260) and the forging temperature range is 1020° F. (548.9° C.) to 1620° F. (882.2° C.).
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the titanium alloy is Ti-4Al-2.5V alloy (UNS R54250) and the forging temperature range is 1080° F. (582.2° C.) to 1680° F. (915.6° C.).
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the titanium alloy is Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn alloy (UNS R56620) and the forging temperature range is 1035° F. (527.2° C.) to 1635° F. (890.6° C.).
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein in each press forging a strain rate of the forging adiabatically heats an internal region of the workpiece by 100° F. (55.6° C.) to 300° F. (166.7° C.).
27. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the titanium alloy is Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si alloy (UNS R54620);
the forging temperature range is 1120° F. (604.4° C.) to 1520° F. (826.7° C.); and
each press forging is at a strain rate that adiabatically heats an internal region of the workpiece by 100° F. (55.6° C.) to 300° F. (166.7° C.).
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein between successive press forgings, the adiabatically heated internal region of the workpiece is cooled for a time in the range of 5 seconds to 120 seconds before the next press forging is conducted.
29. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the titanium alloy is Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo alloy (UNS R56260);
the forging temperature range is 1020° F. (548.9° C.) to 1620° F. (882.2° C.); and
each press forging is at a strain rate that adiabatically heats an internal region of the workpiece by 100° F. (55.6° C.) to 300° F. (166.7° C.).
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein between successive press forgings, the adiabatically heated internal region of the workpiece is cooled for a time in the range of 5 seconds to 120 seconds before the next press forging is conducted.
31. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the titanium alloy is Ti-4Al-2.5V alloy (UNS R54250);
the forging temperature range is 1080° F. (582.2° C.) to 1680° F. (915.6° C.); and
each press forging is at a strain rate that adiabatically heats an internal region of the workpiece by 100° F. (55.6° C.) to 300° F. (166.7° C.).
32. The method of claim 31 , wherein between successive press forgings, the adiabatically heated internal region of the workpiece is cooled for a time in the range of 5 seconds to 120 seconds before the next press forging is conducted.
33. The method of claim 31 , wherein between successive press forgings, the adiabatically heated internal region of the workpiece is cooled for a time in the range of 5 seconds to 120 seconds before the next press forging is conducted.
34. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the titanium alloy is Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn alloy (UNS R56620);
the forging temperature range is 1035° F. (527.2° C.) to 1635° F. (890.6° C.); and
each press forging is at a strain rate that adiabatically heats an internal region of the workpiece by 100° F. (55.6° C.) to 300° F. (166.7° C.).