Refractory walls, and gasification devices and methods

1. A refractory wall comprising:

a refractory hotface layer comprising a hotface surface configured to be adjacent to a carbonaceous gasification environment;

a backing layer facing and disposed around the refractory hotface layer to improve the mechanical strength of the refractory hotface layer, wherein the refractory hotface layer and the backing layer comprise chromium-containing materials;

a cooling layer facing the backing layer and positioned between the backing layer and a compressible layer, the cooling layer configured to cool the refractory hotface layer via the backing layer;

the compressible layer facing and disposed around the cooling layer and configured to provide buffer for thermal expansion of the refractory hotface layer, the backing layer, and the cooling layer; and

a slag layer deposited on at least a part of the hotface surface of the refractory hotface layer.

2. The refractory wall of claim 1 , further comprising a metal shield facing and disposed around the compressible layer.

3. The refractory wall of claim 1 , wherein the cooling layer comprises one or more tubes for circulating cooling fluid to cool the refractory hotface layer.

4. A gasification device for gasification of one or more carbonaceous fuels, comprising

a gasifying apparatus comprising a refractory wall defining a gasification chamber for the gasification, at least a part of the refractory wall comprising:

a hotface layer comprising a hotface surface configured to define the gasification chamber,

a backing layer around the hotface layer, wherein the hotface layer and the backing layer comprise chromium-containing materials,

a cooling layer around the backing layer and positioned between the backing layer and a compressible layer, the cooling layer configured to cool the hotface layer via the backing layer,

the compressible layer around the cooling layer and configured to provide buffer for thermal expansion of the hotface layer, the backing layer, and the cooling layer, and

a shield around the compressible layer.

5. The gasification device of claim 4 , further comprising a cooling apparatus disposed downstream from and in fluid communication with the gasifying apparatus.

6. The gasification device of claim 5 , wherein the cooling apparatus comprises one of a radiation syngas cooler and a cooler with a slag bath.

7. The gasification device of claim 4 , wherein the gasification device comprises a slagging gasifier.

8. The gasification device of claim 4 , wherein the at least a part of the refractory wall further comprises a slag layer deposited on at least a part of the hotface surface of the hotface layer.

9. The gasification device of claim 8 , wherein the slag layer comprises one or more of silica (SiO 2 ), Ferrous Oxide (FeO), iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), Calcium oxide (CaO), and alumina (Al 2 O 3 ).

10. The gasification device of claim 4 , wherein the cooling layer comprises one or more tubes for circulating cooling fluid to cool the hotface layer.

11. The gasification device of claim 4 , wherein the compressible layer comprises ceramic fiber materials.

12. A gasification process comprising:

introducing one or more carbonaceous fuels and one or more oxidizing streams into a gasifying apparatus, the gasifying apparatus comprising a refractory wall defining a gasification chamber for the gasification with at least a part of the refractory wall comprising:

a hotface layer configured to define the gasification chamber,

a backing layer around the hotface layer, wherein the hotface layer and the backing layer comprise chromium-containing materials,

a cooling layer around the backing layer and positioned between the backing layer and a compressible layer, the cooling layer configured to cool the hotface layer via the backing layer, and

the compressible layer around the cooling layer and configured to provide buffer for thermal expansion of the hotface layer, the backing layer, and the cooling layer;

gasifying the one or more carbonaceous fuels in the gasifying apparatus to at least produce syngas and slag; and

cooling the hotface layer via the backing layer by the cooling layer so that a portion of the slag deposits on at least a part of the hotface layer.

13. The gasification process of claim 12 , wherein the gasifying apparatus comprises a slagging gasifier.

14. The gasification process of claim 12 , further comprising introducing the syngas and the slag into a cooling apparatus for cooling.

15. The gasification process of claim 12 , wherein the cooling layer comprises one or more tubes for circulating cooling fluid to cool the hotface layer.